STATE POPULATION

Using the Current Population Survey, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that in July 2008 Arizona’s population had increased to 6,500,180 residents, i.e., an annual average increase of about 165,000 residents since 2000. That is a rate of increase of about 3.3 percent per year.

Arizona had the 2nd greatest rate of population increase in the country between 1960-2000.

NET INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION (NIM)

Using the Current Population Survey, the Census Bureau estimated that between the 2000 Census and July 2008 the state’s population increased by about 216,345 from Net International Migration. The remainder was due to net domestic migration and natural change (births minus deaths). That was an annual average increase of about 26,065, i.e., about one-seventh (15.8%) of the total increase (not including the children born to the immigrants after their arrival in the United States).

The 2000 Census found 5,130,632 persons resident in Arizona. This was an increase of 1,465,404 persons (40%) above the population from the 1990 Census. The amount of increase was the sixth highest in the country, and the rate of increase was the second highest in the country.

 The 2000 population is about 330,000 more persons than the Census Bureau had expected to find in the state in 2000 when it issued its most recent state population projections in 1996. The significance of this is that the Census Bureau has concluded that much of the shortfall in their population estimates during the 1990s was due to an underestimation of the illegal alien population.

Between the 1980 and 1990 Censuses, the overall population of Arizona rose by slightly more than one-third (from about 2,731,000 to 3,655,228.

FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION

The U.S. Census Bureau estimated on the basis of the American Community Survey (ACS) that the foreign-born population of Arizona was 924,024 persons in 2005-07. The ACS is a large-scale, continuous sampling process designed to replace the need for a long-form in the 2010 Census. However, because the ACS does not have the same follow-up procedures as the Census to include non-respondents, the ACS may underestimate the foreign-born population.

FAIR estimates that the foreign-born population of Arizona was about 1,013,305 residents in July 2008. This meant a foreign-born population share of 15.6 percent. The amount of change since the 2000 Census indicates an average annual rate of increase in the foreign-born population of about 43,025 people, which is more than one-fourth (26.1%) of the state’s annual average population increase. Since 2000, the foreign-born population has increased by 54.4 percent compared to a 19 percent increase in the native-born population.

Immigration also contributes to population growth through the children born to immigrants in this country. Nationally the share of births to the foreign-born is about double their share of the population. A 31.2 percent share of the state’s current births is large enough to account for about 29,220 births a year. Combining the increase in the foreign-born population and estimated immigrant births suggests that immigration may account nearly 72,245 persons added to the state’s population annually, i.e., more than two-fifths (43.8%) of the state’s overall population increase.

Between the 2000 Census and the Census Bureau estimate for 2006, the foreign-born population in Arizona increased by nearly 273,000 persons (41.6%). Latin America (including Mexico) accounted for an additional nearly 198,000 immigrants (up 42.2%). Mexico alone accounted for nearly 173,000 additional immigrants (up 39.6%). Immigrants from Asia grew by 50% (about 40,300 people). Immigrants from Africa grew by 133% (about 11,300). The immigrant population from Europe and Canada increased by about 23,500 persons (24%).

The 2000 Census found that 48.4 percent of Arizona's foreign-born residents had arrived in the state since 1990. This demonstrates the effects of our current mass immigration and is a higher share than the national average (43.7%).

An indicator of the change in Arizona's immigrant population may be seen in data on the share of the population that speaks a language other than English at home. Between 1990 and 2000, the share of non-English speakers at home increased by about one-quarter, from 20.8 percent to 25.9 percent. Less than half (43.9%) of these in 2000 also said they spoke English less than very well.

The Census Bureau’s American Community Survey found that in 2006, the state’s foreign born population was 929,083 residents, an increase of 41.6% percent since 2000. In comparison, the foreign-born population changed from 278,205 to 656,183 residents between 1990 and 2000, an increase of 135.9 percent.

The ten countries below constituted 81.4% of the foreign-born population in Arizona in 2006. Mexico accounted for 65.5% alone.

THE IMMIGRANT STOCK

The Census Bureau estimated that about 1,321,000 people in Arizona were "immgrant stock" in 2000. That is a Census Bureau term for immigrants and their children born here after their arrival. Based on that estimate and the 2000 population, the immigrant stock share of the state's population was about 25.8 percent -- the eighth highest rate in the country.

As the graph below shows, the amount and share of Arizona’s population change due to the increase in the foreign stock is rising rapidly. Over the past 34 years the new immigrants and children born to them have added about 1,030,200 people to the population. Over this period, the increase in the foreign stock has accounted for 26.1 percent of the state’s population increase.

NATURALIZATION

Data from the 2006 American Community Survey indicate that 273,700 residents or 29.5 percent, of the foreign-born population in Arizona were citizens, compared to 193,944 residents, or 29.6 percent, in 2000.

Nationally, 40.3 percent of the foreign-born population was citizens in 2000, and 42.0 percent in 2006 

Population Projection

Arizona -- Projected Population in 2050: Projection Scenarios

Arizona's projected population in 2050 could range anywhere from about 10 million residents to about 14.3 million. The 4.3 million person difference between these extremes depends on whether policies aimed at immigration stability are adopted or, instead, currently advocated policies that would accommodate today's illegal alien population, allow a new stream of guest workers and increase legal immigration are adopted.

Without any change in immigration policy or enforcement, i.e., with the current trend in large-scale legal and illegal immigration, the state's population is likely to increase from today's about 6 million residents to around 12.1 to 12.5 million persons in 2050 - an increase of 103 to 109 percent.

The largest difference from the current trend comes in comparison with a zero-net immigration scenario (when arriving immigrants balance those who are departing). In that case, the population would still grow rapidly, but not as fast, i.e., by about 66 percent. However, if the currently proposed immigration expansion and illegal alien accommodation proposals were adopted - the amnesty/guest worker/immigration increase scenario - the increase in the projected population over the next 45 years would be still more rapid (136% larger than today).

Arizona -- Projected Population in 2050: Cohorts

The projection indicates that the population that was already in the country in 1970 - before the effects of the 1965 major change in immigration law - will be still increasing, by about 2.6 million persons (54%) over the next 45 years. This trend reflects major net in-migration from other states as well as larger than average family size among the state's pre-1970 immigrant population.

Post-1970 immigrants are projected to add about 1.3 million people, more than 121 percent by 2050. The high rate of growth is influenced by the larger average family size of these immigrants to the state. At the beginning of the projection, this post-1970 immigrant cohort already accounted for more than 1 million of the state's residents. By 2050, this cohort is projected to rise to nearly 2.4 million residents simply on the basis of succeeding generations being larger than that of their forebears.

Without any change in the immigration laws, current mass immigration will continue into the state. Arizona has had an average of nearly 11,000 legal immigrant admissions per year between 1994 and 2003. More than half of those admissions have been Mexicans. Mexicans combined with immigrants from other Spanish-speaking countries constitute more than three-fifths (63%) of the new arrivals. Immigration from Asian countries has amounted to more than one-fifth (21%) of the immigrant admissions, leaving immigration from countries with predominantly white populations at about 16 percent, and less than one percent from countries with black populations in Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America. We project that new immigrants and their children from all sources will add more than one million residents to the state's population over the next 45 years if current trends remain unchanged.

Illegal immigration, like legal immigration to Arizona, is dominated by Mexicans. We estimate that Arizona's illegal alien population now numbers about 453,000 persons. The continued addition of illegal immigrants over the next 45 years, assuming it continues at current rates, is projected to add nearly 1.7 million largely Mexicans to the population from newcomers and their offspring.

Finally, we project that proposals for amnesty and other provision that are currently being advocated, if adopted, would add an additional nearly 1.6 million persons to the state's population over the next 45 years. This would result from the family members of amnesty recipients, increased legal immigration, and increased long-term guest worker residents.

Arizona -- Projected Population in 2050: Demographic Change

The rate of population change for the various scenarios depends on the size and demographic composition of the influx of immigrants, and the differential rates of fertility. The following projections are based on the highest scenario, i.e., amnesty/guestworker increases.

Non-Hispanic whites over the period of this projection increase by about 1.9 million persons, or nearly 51 percent. This trend is heavily influenced by net migration from other states.

Because the Mexican or Mexican ancestry population constitutes a large share of the post-70 and continuing immigrant influx as well as potential amnesty beneficiaries, and this population on average has larger than replacement family size, this population segment is projected to rise by about 5.8 million residents (417%). Other Hispanics are projected to rise less rapidly, i.e., by 167 percent. The projection indicates that by 2050 just over half of the state's population will be Hispanic under the amnesty/guest worker assumptions.

The Asian and black populations are also projected rise sharply - an increase of 296 percent and 165 percent respectively. However, the numeric increases are much smaller, about 410,000 for Asians and about 290,000 for blacks.

Recent immigrant admissions are more 490 percent higher than level of admissions just after adoption of the current immigration system in 1965. During the 1965 to 1969 period, annual admissions averaged about 3,615 persons. During the 2002 to 2006 period, admissions averaged about 17,700 persons.

The charts below show recent immigrant admissions and the cumulative amount of immigrant admissions since FY'65. The number of annual admissions has ranged from 3,159 in FY'68 to 40,642 in FY'91 (due to the 1986 amnesty).The cumulative total of immigrant admissions to Arizona between fiscal years 1965 and 2006 was about 381,020 persons..

 

The data for fiscal years 1989-91 were artificially raised by the inclusion of former illegal aliens who were amnestied in 1986. According to INS data (1991) the number of amnesty applicants from Arizona was 82,568 (29,249 pre-1982 residents and 53,319 agricultural workers). In FY'91 the number was more than 35,000 higher than normal as a result of the amnesty enacted in 1986. The number of Mexicans getting "green cards" in FY'91also was about 30,000 higher than in other years during this period.

The data for FY'95, FY'97-'99 and FY '03 were artificially low because the INS did not issue green cards to all the eligible applicants for adjustment of status who were already in the United States. In those years, new immigration could have registered as much as 30 percent higher, if the INS had kept up with its workload.

Beginning with FY'01, the INS began to increase admissions as a result of reducing the size of the backlog of Section 245(i) adjustment of status cases, i.e., amnesty, for illegal aliens.

INS DATA BY NATIONALITY: FY'96 - FY'05

The table below furnishes INS data on the immigrants who have been admitted for residence in Arizona since 1996 by nationality.

The INS data are for nationals of the countries with the largest number of immigrants admitted or adjusted to legal residence each year since 1996. The absence of data means that the total number of admissions to the United States by nationals of that country was not enough to merit detailed reporting in that year.

The nationalities may change each year, so the totals in some cases will not reflect all the immigrants of that nationality who have become legal immigrants in Louisiana during this period.

The Department of Homeland Security website is has detailed data on immigrant admissions since FY’03 by year and by country. That resource has data for all source countries. (See http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/data/dslpr.shtm).

A dash (-) indicates that the data for that year was not published for that country in the Immigration Statistical Yearbook.  * China includes Hong Kong and Taiwan. The Soviet Union includes Russia and former parts of the USSR. Yugoslavia includes Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro-Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia.

The 31 nationalities above represent more than four-fifths (82.1%) of all immigrant settlement and adjustment in Arizona during this ten-year period. More than half (51.6%) of all immigrants since 1996 were from Mexico.  

FY’99—$15,904,509
FY’00—$18,117,905
FY’01—$23,814,068
FY’02—$24,183,895
FY’03—$9,325,514
FY’04—$9,083,367

All numbers are from the U.S. Census Bureau unless otherwise noted. Additional Census Bureau, INS, and other immigration-related data are available for Arizona.

Population Change

Between 2000 and 2006 Arizona increased its population by 20 percent, bringing Arizona's total population to approximately 6.2 million. 

In 2006 Arizona was the fastest growing state in the United States, and accounted for the fifth largest increase in numerical population size.²

Approximately 16.8 percent of the total population increase between 2000 and 2006 in Arizona was directly attributable to immigrants.

FAIR estimates the illegal alien population in 2005 at 489,000, which is the 6th largest in the U.S among the FAIR estimate. This number is 73% above the U.S. government estimate of 283,000 in 2000, and 456% above the 1990 estimate of 88,000.

According to an estimate of the Pew Hispanic Center, in 2005 there were an estimated 400,000 to 450,000 illegal aliens living in Arizona. That ranked fifth among illegal alien populations in the United States in the PEW estimate.³

FAIR estimates in 2004 that the taxpayers of Arizona spent $748.3 million per year on illegal aliens and their children in public schools.⁴

Population  Profile

From 1990 to 2000, Arizona’s population increased by 40 percent—three times faster than the national average. During the 1990s, Arizona gained 1.5 million residents, reaching a total population of 5.1 million people in 2000.

Foreign-Born Population 

Arizona's foreign-born population increased by over 40 percent between 2000 and 2006. During that period Arizona gained over 265,000 immigrants, bringing the total number of foreign-born residents in the state to over 830,000.

Environmental and Quality of Life Profile

Health Care: Arizona hospitals spend $150 million annually to provide care to illegal aliens, according to the Arizona Hospital and Healthcare Association. ⁵ Some hospitals in rural counties have had to scale down or discontinue some services for the general population in order to continue to pay for care for illegal aliens.⁶

The health department in Cochise County, where the population of illegal aliens is estimated to have increased by 48 percent since 1999, spends almost a third of its budget on care for illegal aliens. At least one hospital there—Southeast Arizona Medical Center—has filed for bankruptcy and is in danger of closing due to uncompensated care for illegal aliens.^{7 8}

Increasingly frustrated with millions of dollars in uncompensated care, the hospital administrators at University Medical Center in Tucson are reporting uninsured immigrants who don’t pay their medical bills to immigration officials. UMC incurred $3.3 million in immigrants’ unpaid bills in one four-month period in 2003. At least three Arizona hospitals are sending bill collectors into Mexico to try to obtain payment.⁹

Solid Waste: Arizona generates 1.1 tons of solid waste per capita. ¹⁰

Air Quality: Maricopa country received a grade of “F” in the American Lung Association’s State of the Air 2005 report. Yavapai and Pinal counties received a grade of “C”. ¹¹

Water: Arizona recently overtook Nevada to become the most rapidly growing state in the union with an annual growth rate of 3.6 percent.¹² Between 2000 and 2006, the foreign born population of Arizona increased by 272,900.¹³ That compares with a 17 percent increase in the native-born population and that includes the children born to immigrants. When the U.S. born children of these immigrants are included, immigrants account for over two-fifths (42.4%) of the state’s overall growth.¹⁴ By 2050 Arizona’s population is projected to add more than seven million residents, rising to 13.6 million.¹⁵

Through a series of conservation efforts, Arizona residents have been able to bring down daily per capita water use from 154 gallons to 115 since 2000, a sizeable 26% reduction.¹⁶ Nevertheless, population growth and dwindling water resources challenge the notion that Arizona can continue to expand with unchecked growth. “I have no doubt that within the next five to ten years, we will be in a shortage,” said David Modeer, Tucson, Arizona’s Water Director. “It does not look good.”¹⁷

Even with the reduction in water use, at 115 gallons per person, per day, public demand in 2050 may increased by up to 850 million gallons each day. Without a doubt, supplying water to this expanding population will put Arizona in a predicament in the near future. The problem arises because most surface water supplies are completely allocated and groundwater is being consumed at an unsustainable rate.¹⁸

Making the looming water crisis direr, historic prioritizing of water rights means that Arizona will be the first state to suffer whenever the surface water resource of the Colorado River comes up short. Arizona currently gets one-third of its water from the Colorado River. But as the river dries, Arizona will lose up to eighty percent of this resource before neighboring states incur any significant loss.¹⁹ Unfortunately, reduced runoff into the Colorado River has occurred annually since 2000.²⁰

Traffic: As population growth puts more traffic on the roads, the average commute for Arizona residents increased 15 percent during the 1990s, to 22 minutes in 2000. This was a faster rate of increase than the national average of 14 percent.^{21, 22} There was a negligible change in average travel time between 2000-2005.²³ In 2003 Phoenix commuters experienced and annual delay of 49 hours, ranking 18th in the nation, and Tucson commuters experienced an annual delay of 36 hours. ²⁴  In 2007 14 percent of commuters had a commute of 45 minutes or more. ²⁵

29% of Arizona's major urban roads are congested, and vehicle travel on Arizona's highways increased 52% from 1990 to 2003. Congestion in the Phoenix metropolitan area costs commuters $812 per person per year in excess fuel and lost time, and congestion in the Tucson area costs commuters $507 per person per year in excess fuel and lost time.²⁶

Phoenix is now the fifth most congested area in the country,²⁷ with roads so congested that the fire department has trouble reaching accident victims—and is considering adding motorcycles to its fleet to speed up response times.²⁸ Despite a $122 million plan to widen Interstate 10, state transportation officials say the freeway will be “bumper to bumper,” with more cars than road space by 2025 because of population growth.²⁹

Disappearing open space: As Arizona’s population has risen, so has the need for additional housing: The total number of housing units in Arizona increased by 32 percent during the 1990s.^{30, 31} and 16 percent between 2000 and 2005.³² This has led to dramatic losses of open space; Maricopa County, home to more than 60 percent of the state’s population, consumes an acre of farmland every hour.³³

A study of urban sprawl between 1970 and 1990 that calculated the impact of population increase and per capita land use found that 353.6 square miles of additional land were consumed by urban sprawl in the Phoenix metropolitan area, and 92.0 percent of that sprawl was attributable to population increase. In the Chattanooga metro area sprawl consumed an additional 141.8 square miles and population increase accounted for 79.1 percent of the increase. ³⁴

National Parks: Migrant smuggling is causing serious harm to the fragile ecosystems and natural resources in southeastern Arizona, a recent government report found. It reported that wilderness areas are being damaged by the creation of unwanted trails and roads, damage to existing trails, and large amounts of trash: “This proliferation of trails damages and destroys cactus and other sensitive vegetation, disrupts or prohibits revegetation, disturbs wildlife and their cover and travel routes, causes soil compaction and erosion, impacts stream bank stability, and often times confuses legitimate users of trails on federal lands.”³⁵

Trash and human waste left behind by illegal immigrants also affect soil and water quality.³⁶ It is estimated that each undocumented immigrant crossing the border into the United States discards at least eight pounds of trash in southern Arizona, where thousands of acres are covered in trash.³⁷

An environmental impact study of the damage to the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, where officials caught 200,000 illegal aliens in 2001, finds that it could take 20 years for the area to recover from damage wrought by smugglers and illegal aliens trekking through.³⁸ 200 miles of unauthorized roads have been carved into the park’s wilderness.³⁹

Crowded housing: In 2005 more than 100,000 Arizonans live in crowded housing conditions.⁴⁰ Studies show that a rise in crowded housing often correlates with an increase in the number of foreign-born. ^{41, 42}

Sprawl: A study of urban sprawl between 1970 and 1990 that calculated the impact of population increase and per capita land use found that 354 square miles of additional land were consumed by urban sprawl in the Phoenix metropolitan area, and 92 percent of that sprawl was attributable to population increase. In the Tucson metro area, sprawl consumed an additional 142 square miles and population increase accounted for 79 percent of the increase.⁴³ As population growth forces development further and further out from traditional metropolitan centers, Phoenix and Tucson are in danger of forming one giant megalopolis.⁴⁴

Crime: The population growth in Arizona's prison system ranks among the top four states in the country,⁴⁵ and the population in Arizona's prisons is expected to increase by 52 percent by 2017.⁴⁶ Arizona has 4,000 more prisoners than the system was designed to handle which has forced officials to transfer 1,200 inmates to Indiana.⁴⁷

Poverty: In 2005 Approximately 22 percent of immigrants in Arizona had incomes below the poverty level, a change of more than 16 percent since 2000. Among non-citizen immigrants, the poverty rate climbs to 25.6 percent.⁴⁸

School Overcrowding: Nearly one-third, or 31 percent, of Arizona's children have immigrant parents. Seven percent are themselves foreign-born.⁴⁹ This influx of immigrants and their children is contributing to severe school overcrowding problems in the state.

Arizona’s K-12 population increased by approximately 28 percent between the 1999/2000 and 2000/2006 school year. ^{50, 51} Total enrollment is projected to be 1,334,000 by the year 2015, an increase of over 21 percent since 2006 ⁵².

In Phoenix, schools are so crowded that some students are attending classes in a former mall and in a converted grocery store.⁵³ In Mesa, schools have even run out of room for classroom trailers, over 700 elementary school students attend classes in an old grocery store.⁵⁴ In Gilbert, which is growing faster than any U.S. community its size, schools are so crowded that some students went without desks and cafeteria tables at the start of the 2003-04 school year.⁵⁵ Arizona’s student to teacher ratio of 21 students per teacher, which ranks second to last in the U.S, is more than 5 students above the national average of about 16 students per teacher.⁵⁶

Illegal Immigration: In some areas, such as Douglas, residents are so fearful of alien smugglers that they say they avoid going out alone at night. ⁵⁷ In Cochise County, which shares 84 miles of border with Mexico, problems associated with illegal immigration cost residents 37 cents of every tax dollar they pay (according to the county’s sheriff).⁵⁸ Approximately ten percent of the county’s health department budget goes toward treatment of illegal aliens.⁵⁹

Endnotes

1. FAIR estimate based on the 2005 Current Population Survey.
2. Table A. Leading 10 States/Equivalents by Population Changes: July 1, 2005 to July 1, 2006. U.S. Census Bureau.
3. “Estimates of the Unauthorized Migrant Population for States based on the March 2005 CPS", Pew Hispanic Center.
4. Martin, Jack. “Breaking the Piggy Bank: How Illegal Immigration is Sending Schools into the Red,” A Report by the Federation for American Immigration Reform.
5. “Uncle Sam is AWOL,” Arizona Republic, September 28, 2003
6. “Medical Emergency: Costs of Uncompensated Care in Southwest Border Counties,” U.S./Mexico Border Counties Coalition, September 2002.
7. Jerry Seper, “Mexican Medics Take Sick to U.S.,” Washington Times, December 12, 002.
8. Diana Washington Valdes and Sergio Bustos, “Migrant Care Cost El Paso $30 Million,” El Paso Times , September 26, 2002.
9. Susan Carroll, “Hospital Warns Migrants to Pay Up,” Arizona Republic, November 29, 2003.
10. Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers.
11. “State of the Air 2005: Arizona”, American Lung Association.
12. Les Christy, “Growth States: Arizona Overtakes Nevada,” CNNMoney.com, December 25, 2006.
13. U.S. Census Bureau 2006.
14. Jack Martin. “Issue Brief: Estimation of Foreign Born Birthrate.” FAIR. 2008.
15. Jack Martin and Stanley Fogel. “Projecting the U.S. Population to 2050.” FAIR. March 2006.
16. Harold Kitching, “Quenching Growth,” Casa Grande Valley Newspaper, May 6, 2008.
17. Tony Raap, Experts fear water shortage from Colorado River to strive earlier than predicted,” Today’s News Herald-havasunews.com, February 26, 2007.
18. Robert Glennon & Michael J. Pearce, “Transferring Mainstem Colorado River Water Rights: The Arizona Experience,” Arizona Law Review: Volume 49, 2007.
19. Tony Raap, Experts fear water shortage from Colorado River to strive earlier than predicted,” Today’s News Herald-havasunews.com, February 26, 2007
20. Cary Blake, “Arizona faces potential water supply shortage from Colorado River by 2011,” Western Farm Press, December 6, 2007
21. Shaun McKinnon, “Typical Arizonan Uses Less Water Than in ’90,” Arizona Republic, March 12, 2004.
22. “Table DP-1-4, Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000,” Census 2000, U.S. Census Bureau.
23. “Table DP-1-4, Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 1990,” 1990 Census, U.S. Census Bureau.
24. "Data Set: 2005 American Community Survey: Arizona 2005," American Factfinder, U.S. Census Bureau.
25. "The 2005 Urban Mobility Report", Texas Transportation Institute
26. “U.S. Population 2007 Data Sheet,” Population Reference Bureau.Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers.
27. Katie Warchut, “Freeways Ease Congestion, But More Crops Up,” Arizona Republic, October 1, 2003.
28. Judi Villa, “Fire Dept. Mulls Motorcycle Medics,” Arizona Republic, August 25, 2003.
29. Garry Duffy, “I-10 Gridlock,” Tucson Citizen, February 24, 2004.
30. “Table DP-1-4, Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 1990,” 1990 Census, U.S. Census Bureau.
31. “Table DP-1-4, Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 1990,” 1990 Census, U.S. Census Bureau.
32. "Data Set: 2005 American Community Survey: Arizona 2005," American Factfinder,   U.S. Census Bureau.
33. Jon Kamman, “3.1 Million More People Likely in Arizona by 2020,” Arizona Republic, January 8, 2002.
34. Report to the House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations on Impacts Caused by Undocumented Aliens Crossing Federal Lands in Southeast Arizona, a joint project by the Immigration & Naturalization Service, the Interior Department, and the Environmental Protection Agency, April 29, 2002. 
35. Beck, Roy and Leon Kolankiewicz, “Weighing Sprawl Factors in Large U.S. Cities,” NumbersUSA, March 2001.
36. "Environmental  Damage from Illegal Immigration, Border Enforcement Activities In American SouthWest,", California Political Desk, February 1, 2006.
37. "A Summary of 2003 - 2005 Accomplishments," Southern Arizona Project to Mitigate Environmental Damages Resulting from Illegal Immigration. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.  Report to the House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations on Impacts Caused by Undocumented Aliens Crossing Federal Lands in Southeast Arizona, a joint project by the Immigration & Naturalization Service, the Interior Department, and the Environmental Protection Agency, April 29, 2002.
38. Mary Jo Pitzl, “Increased Illegal Crossings Strain Organ Pipe to Limit,” Arizona Republic, January 14, 2004.
39. Selected Housing Characteristics: 2005 Data Set - 2005 American Community Survey, American Fact Finder, U.S. Census Bureau.Haya El Nasser, “U.S. Neighborhoods Grow More Crowded,” USA Today, July 7, 2002.
40. Randy Capps, “Hardship Among Children of Immigrants: Findings from the 1999 National Survey of America’s Families,” Urban Institute, 2001.
41. Haya El Nasser, “U.S. Neighborhoods Grow More Crowded,” USA Today, July 7, 2002.
42. Joel Eskovitz, “Arizona’s Western, Central Counties See Population Boon,”Associated Press, March 27, 2001.
43. Beck, Roy and Leon Kolankiewicz, “Weighing Sprawl Factors in Large U.S. Cities,” NumbersUSA, March 2001.
44. Dennis Welch, "Bulging prison bill going up," East Valley/Scottsdale Tribune, February 7, 2007.
45. "Arizona's Prison Population Projected to Grow Twice as fast as General Resident Population, Independent Study Finds; State Selected as One of Five Justice Reinvestment Learning Sites," Justice Center of the Council of State Governments, February 6, 2007.
46. "Will Rising Prison Costs Spark Reform?" Tucson Weekly, March 22, 2007.
47. “Arizona State Factsheet,” Migration Information Source, Migration Policy Institute.
48. “Check Points,” Urban Institute, September 2, 2000.
49. “Projections of Education Statistics to 2013,” National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
50. "Overview of Public Elementary and Secondary Schools and Districts: School Year 1999-2000," National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
51. "Public Elementary and Secondary School Student Enrollment, High School Completions, and Staff From the Common Core of Data: School Year 2005-06', National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, June 2007.“Districts Ease School Overcrowding with Abandoned Commercial Buildings,” Associated Press, August 2, 2000.
52. Projections of Education Statistics to 2010, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 
53. “Districts Ease School Overcrowding with Abandoned Commercial Buildings,” Associated Press, August 2, 2000.
54. Haya El Nasser, “Schools Forced to Roam in Search of More Room,” USA Today, August 18, 2000.
55. Stephanie Paterik, “Old West Takes Off-Ramp,” Arizona Republic, December 2003.
56. "Public Elementary and Secondary School Student Enrollment, High School Completions, and Staff From the Common Core of Data: School Year 2005-06', National Center foe Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, June 2007 
57.  “Arizona Lawmakers Get Earful on Border Issues,” Associated Press, October 31, 2001. 
58. “Social, Financial Costs of Illegal Entry Said High,” Associated Press, May 18, 2001. 
59.  “Arizona Lawmakers Get Earful on Border Issues,” Associated Press, October 31, 2001.