Doing Research? : Immigration in Your Backyard Immigration Impact: California      State Population (2006 CB estimate) 36,457,549 State Population in 2000  34,008,499 Average Annual Change 2000-2006 1.2% Foreign Born Population 2006 1/ 10,213,135 Foreign Born Share 2006 28% Foreign Born Population 2000 8,864,255 Foreign Born Share 2000 26.2% Average Annual Change 2000-2006 2.4% Population Projection 2010 38 million Population Projection 2025 44.3million Population Projection 2050 (FAIR)  72.3 million All numbers are from the U.S. Census Bureau unless otherwise noted. Additional Census Bureau, INS, and other immigration-related data are available for California. Population Change  California’s population increased by 14.3 percent between 1990 and 2000, and by 7.2 percent between 2000 and 2006, bringing California’s total population to approximately 36.5 million.  In 2006 California ranked third in population gain in the United States. 2/ Approximately 55 percent of the total population increase between 2000 and 2006 in California was directly attributable to immigrants. FAIR estimates the illegal alien population in 2005 at 2,778,000, which ranks 1st in the U.S. for the FAIR estimate. This number is 25% above the U.S. government estimate of 2,209,000 in 2000, and 88% above the 1990 estimate of 1,476,000. According to an estimate of the Pew Hispanic Center, in 2005 there were an estimated 2,500,000 to 2,750,000 illegal aliens living in California This estimate ranks 1st among illegal alien populations in the United States for the PEW estimate. 3/ FAIR estimates in 2004 that the taxpayers of California spent $7728.5 million per year on illegal aliens and their children in public schools.4/   FAIR’s projected annual fiscal costs to California taxpayers for emergency medical care, education and incarceration resulting if an amnesty is adopted for illegal residents. Current 2010 2020 $10,529,000,000 $17,813,000,000 $30,727,000,000 Population Profile Immigration-driven population growth is taking its toll on California, which has not just the greatest number of immigrants of any state but also more than twice as many as the next leading state. California is home to 28 percent of the nation’s immigrants (versus ten percent of the U.S.-born population). “California's population, currently at 36 million, likely will double within the lifetime of today’s schoolchildren … Demographic studies after the 2000 census revealed that from 1990 to 2000, immigrants and their children accounted not for just some, or even most, of California’s growth. They accounted for virtually all of it … [I]mmigration, more than any other factor, will probably determine how crowded and environmentally unsustainable California becomes in the years ahead.” 5/ California has the largest foreign-born population in the country. Between 1990 and 2000, California’s foreign-born population increased by 2.4 million people. Foreign-Born Population  California’s foreign-born population increased by 15.2 percent between 2000 and 2006. During that period California gained over 1,348,000 immigrants, bringing the total number of foreign-born residents in the state to over 10 million.     Environmental and Quality of Life Profile Traffic: 60% of California's major urban roads are congested, and 71% of California's major roads are in poor or mediocre condition. Vehicle travel on California's highways increased 25% from 1990 to 2003. The state has transferred $3.1 billion from the transportation trust fund to the general fund. Driving on roads in need of repair costs California motorists $12.6 billion a year in extra vehicle repairs and operating costs --- $554 per motorist. 6/ Congestion in the Bakersfield area costs commuters $130 per person per year in excess fuel and lost time, $270 per person in Freshno,$1,668 per person in Los Angeles, 574 per person in Ventura, $1,043 per person in San Bernardino, $650 per person in Sacramento, $865 per person in San Diego, $1,325 per person in San Francisco, and $964 per person in San Jose. 7/ Travelers experienced an annual delay of 93 hours in the Los Angeles-Long Beach- Santa Ana area, a figure that ranks 1st in the nation. The annual delay is 72 hours in the San Francisco-Oakland area, 55 hours in the Riverside-San Bernardino area, 53 hours in San Jose, 52 hours in San Diego, 33 hours in the Oxnard-Ventura area, 17 hours in Richmond, and 7 hours in Bakersfield. 8/ 18 percent of commuters in California have a commute that is 45 minutes or more. 9/ The state’s official forecast says the number of miles driven on Los Angeles and Orange County roads will increase 40 percent by 2020. In San Bernardino County, driving will grow 86 percent by 2020, but officials say they can afford just 10 percent more highway capacity. In Sacramento, even with $15 billion in planned road improvements, congestion will increase by 400 percent in the next 20 years. 10/ In the San Fernando Valley area, the average morning rush-hour speed of 31 mph is expected to fall to 16 mph by 2025. 11/ In Los Angeles, which has been the most traffic-choked urban area in the country for 16 years in a row, rush-hour drivers lose 90 hours in traffic delays each year. San Francisco comes in second, with 68 hours lost annually. 12/ The total vehicle miles traveled in the region almost doubled in the last 20 years. 13/ Disappearing open space: Population growth increases housing needs and generally causes greater development of open space and sprawl. Although California was once home to five million acres of wetlands, today only 454,000 acres survive—a loss of over 90 percent. 14/ The total number of housing units in California increased by over one million units during the 1990s. 15/,16/ An area equivalent to one and a half times the size of Rhode Island was paved over in California during that period. 17/,18/ The California Department of Housing and Community Development found that Los Angeles and Orange Counties do not have a sufficient amount of developable land in order to accommodate population growth in the next 20 years. 19/ To meet the needs of its expanding population, California will need 4.3 million more housing units by 2020, says the Center for Continuing Study of the California Economy, guaranteeing that open space will continue to vanish. 20/ A study of urban sprawl between 1970 and 1990 that calculated the impact of population increase and per capita land use found that 150.4 square miles of additional land were consumed by urban sprawl in the San Bernardino-Riverside metropolitan area, and 100 percent of that sprawl was attributable to population increase. In the Sacramento sprawl consumed an additional 89.7 square miles and population increase accounted for 100 percent of the increase. 193.1 square miles of growth was 77.9 percent attributable in the San Francisco-Oakland area, 61.2 square miles of growth was 100 percent attributable to population growth in San Jose, and 393.8 square miles of growth was 100 percent attributable to population growth. 22/ Farmland Loss: The Central Valley, which provides half of all fruits and vegetables to America, is the most threatened farm region in the country due to its massive population increase, according to American Farmland Trust. In the past 20 years, over two million people have moved to the region, shrinking cropland by 500,000 acres. 23/ The valley’s current population of 5.5 million is expected to grow to 12.5 million by 2040, reducing farmland by another one million to 2.5 million acres. 24/ Crowded housing: A rise in crowded housing often correlates with an increase in the number of foreign-born. 25/, 26/  In 2005 over 962,000 California households were defined as crowded or severely crowded by housing authorities. 27/ California has the most crowded cities in the country, as measured by the percentage of packed households. Of the 50 cities with the highest percentage of crowded homes, 39 are in California. 28/ Los Angeles County has the highest rate of severe crowding in the U.S., at 15 percent. 29/ In the Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County area, 12 percent of all households are considered severely crowded. 30/ Santa Ana, which is more densely populated than New York or Los Angeles and has the nation’s second highest percentage of immigrant residents, 20 percent of housing falls below city codes. 31/ Experts say the trend in California is being driven by immigrants who come for jobs but can’t afford the rents. Families move in together and often take boarders to help pay rents or mortgages. So many people living in single-family homes strains services such as trash collection, schools, and public safety. Lack of affordable housing: Every year, California builds about 140,000 new places for people to live. Every year, that’s 80,000 short, say state housing officials. Only one in three Californians can afford a median-priced home of more than $250,000. The state’s Department of Housing and Community Development warns of extreme shortages in years ahead. 32/ Poverty: Poverty increased more in California than anywhere else in the country in the past decade. Most of the new pockets of poverty were in areas with large immigrant populations. 33/ A RAND report finds: “A declining demand for low-skill workers combined with a continuing influx of low-skill immigrants has increased competition for low-skill jobs within the state and has hurt the earnings of some low-skill workers. It has also contributed to a growing disparity between the wages of foreign- and native-born workers.” 34/ The plentiful supply of low-wage immigrant labor has lowered average incomes overall, says a labor specialist with the Public Policy Institute of California. 35/ Southern California’s poverty is extending to suburbs long seen as refuges from urban problems. Riverside County saw a 63 percent rise in poverty and San Bernardino County a 51 percent increase. 36/ In Los Angeles, where more than 40 percent of residents were born in another country, 22 percent live at the poverty level, up from 19 percent a decade earlier. Nearly one-third of the city’s residents say they can’t speak English “very well.” One in ten adults in the region has six years of education or less, 41 and 19 percent of those over age 24 have less than a ninth-grade education. 37/ Nearly three-fifths of the poor children in California are immigrants. The poverty rate for immigrant children (29 percent) is higher than the rate for non-immigrant children (17 percent). 38/ In 2005 16.2 percent of immigrants in California lived below the federal poverty line, an increase of 3.3 percent since 2000. Among non-citizens the poverty rate climbs to 22.2 percent. 39/ Health Care: In 1994’s Proposition 187 California voters banned the use of tax money to provide non-emergency care to illegal aliens, but a U.S. District Judge overturned the ballot proposition in 1999. California now provides both legal and illegal aliens with Emergency Medicaid, pre-natal care, and nursing home care. 40/ As the state cuts its health care budget to try to make ends meet, the increase in uncompensated care for immigrants has forced some hospitals to reduce staff, increase rates, cut back services, and close maternity wards and trauma centers. In the last decade, 60 California emergency rooms have closed. 41/ California hospital losses totaled $390 million in 2001, up from $325 million in 2000 and $316 million in 1999. The crisis reaches throughout the state, with 80 percent of emergency departments reporting losses. 42/ One-third of the patients treated by the Los Angeles county health system each year are illegal aliens, according to county health officials. In 2002, the county spent $350 million providing health care to illegal aliens, according to the Department of Health Services. Officials said that if that money had been available, the county could have avoided the closure of 16 health clinics and possibly two hospitals, as well as cuts in services. 43/ Scripps Memorial Hospital in Chula Vista estimates that about one quarter of patients who are uninsured and don’t pay their bills are illegal aliens. The hospital loses $7 million to $10 million in uncompensated costs.44/ Regional Medical Center and Pioneers Memorial Hospital in El Centro, California lost over $1.5 million treating illegal immigrants in 2001. 45/ Water: Facing water shortages, due to shrinking resources and raging population growth, the people of California find themselves in a quandary. "I have not seen a more serious water situation in my career, and I've been doing this 30 years," said Timothy Quinn, executive director of the Association of California Water Agencies.46/ His sentiment reflects a common one among California officials. California’s population, less than 34 million in 2000, recently topped 38 million, and by 2050 that figure is projected to have increased by an additional 32 million,47/ largely due to immigration. California has seen a net increase of over one million immigrants enter the state since 2000. The foreign-born population increased between 2000 and 2006 by 11.7 percent while the native-born population increased by 6.2 percent. Immigrants alone made up a 27.2 percentage of the California population in 2006, and when the U.S.-born children of immigrants are added, immigrants account for all of the state’s rising population According to 2007 data, each of these newcomers consumes on average 146 gallons of water per day.48/ If expected growth continues, by 2050 this will result in an increased water demand of 4.67 billion gallons of water per day. Just to meet a 15 percent increase in demand by 2030, officials say 32 billion gallons a year will have to be saved or expensively recycled -- enough to cover the San Fernando Valley with a foot of water.49/ Consequently, several communities are likely to face mandatory rationing in the near future.50/ The East Bay Municipal Utility District Board of Directors has already implemented such a program, asking residential customers to use 19 percent less water than their average consumption over the last three years. All who exceed their mandated consumption will be surcharged based on their violation’s extent.51/  In the Los Angeles area, recent court rulings, environmental agreements and competition from other urban centers have cut flows or sharply increased costs of water from the now depleted Owens Valley, Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, and the Colorado River.52/ As these natural sources continue to run dry, the price of water will continue to rise. Persistent drought and climate change heighten the dilemma. The northern Sierra Nevada, which holds much of the state's snowpack, experienced its driest spring in more than seventy years leading to Sacramento’s driest spring in recorded history. With the summer’s runoff forecast less than three-fifths of normal runoff, Sacramento’s summer and fall will likely be dry as well.53/ Air Pollution: Southern California has the worst air in the nation, and the state’s children have the country’s highest rates of asthma. 54/ In San Bernardino County, the cancer risk simply from breathing is 1,400 per million people—the EPA’s standard for acceptable cancer risk is one in a million. 55/ If the South Coast Air Quality Management District doesn't dramatically lower pollutions levels by 2006, the EPA could impose major sanctions on the region, including billions of dollars in lost highway funds, commuter restrictions, and shortened hours of operation for industry. 56/ 28 out of California’s 52 counties received a grade of “F” from the American Lung Association in their “State of the Air 2005” report. Four counties received a grade of “D”, and three counties received a grade of “C”. 57/ Impact of Immigration on Education Half of all children in California have at least one immigrant parent. Nearly one in ten are foreign-born themselves. 58/ California spends almost $2.2 billion annually to educate illegal immigrant students in grades K-12—enough to pay the salaries of 41,764 teachers, or 14 percent of California's teachers. 59/ California schools are the most crowded in the nation, and classes often exceed 35 students per teacher (18 is considered ideal). 60/ And they will continue to grow: Between 2000 and 2006 California’s K-12 enrollment increased by over 398,000 students, 61/, 62/ and is projected to increase by an additional 161,000 students by the year 2015. 63/ California’s student-teacher ratio of 20.8 ranks 49th in the U.S. 64/ Lack of space forces some students to attend class on school stages or in the gym. 65/ Yet the state is still adding 100,000 new students each year. 66/ The state Department of Education estimates that 19 new classrooms will need to be built every day, seven days a week, for the next five years. 67/ The number of teachers will need to be doubled within ten years, meaning that 300,000 new educators will need to be hired. 68/ In Los Angeles, where schools are so crowded that some have lengthened the time between classes to give students time to make their way through packed halls, 69/ crowding in the next decade is projected to become so severe that some schools will have to hold double sessions (one in the morning and one in the afternoon) and Saturday classes. Even if the district builds 86 new schools, all 49 existing high schools will still have to adopt year-round schedules to keep pace with enrollment increases. 70/ California’s Class Size Reduction program calls for adding thousands of new K-3 teachers, but finding classroom space has proved impossible in some areas. Many schools have had to give up libraries, art and music classrooms, and science and computer labs to create additional space. 71/ The West Contra Costa school district is eliminating all sports, libraries, and counselors from its high schools to save money.72/ Illegal Immigration in California California’s border counties incurred $79 million in emergency care for illegal aliens, the highest cost in the country. 73/ San Diego County paid $50.3 million during 1999 for criminal justice services and medical care related to illegal aliens. Imperial County spent $5.4 million on illegal aliens in 1999, according to a study on behalf of the United States-Mexico Border Counties Coalition. It costs each person living legally in San Diego and Imperial counties about $18.56 per year to pay for the costs incurred by illegal immigration. 74/ Solid Waste: California generates 1.55 tons of solid waste per capita. 75/  Endnotes: FAIR estimate based on the 2006 Current Population Survey. Table A. Leading States/Equivalents by population Changes: July 1, 2005, to July 1, 2006.U.S. Census Bureau. "Estimates of the Unauthorized Migrant Population for  States based on the March 2005 CPS", Pew Hispanic Center. Martin, Jack. “Breaking the Piggy Bank: How Illegal Immigration is Sending Schools into the Red,” A Report by the Federation for American Immigration Reform. Lee Green, "Infinite Ingress: A Human Wave Is Breaking Over California," Los Angeles Times, January 25, 2004. Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers. Ibid. "The 2005 Urban Mobility Report", Texas Transportation Institute. “U.S. Population 2007 Data Sheet,” Population Reference Bureau. Jim Wasserman, "2020 Traffic Report: Growth Means More Time Behind the Wheel for Everyone," Associated Press, September 19, 2002. Lisa Mascaro, "Looming Traffic Crisis," Daily News of Los Angeles, August 4, 2002. Lisa Mascaro, "Worst in the Nation: L.A. Commuters Each Year Lose 90 Hours in Gridlock," Daily News of Los Angeles, October 1, 2003 "Sprawl Hits the Wall," Southern California Studies Center, University of Southern California, Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy, 2001. Water Resources in California," U.S. Geological Survey, at http://water.wr.usgs.gov/wetland/ "Table DP-1-4, Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000," Census 2000, U.S. Census Bureau. "Table DP-1-4, Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 1990," 1990 Census, U.S. Census Bureau. "Table 1—Surface Area of Nonfederal and Federal Land and Water Areas, by Sate and Year," Summary Report, 1997 National Resources Inventory, revised December 2000, U.S Department of Agriculture. Between 1992 and 1997, an average of 110,000 acres were paved over each year. This is more than 170 square miles a year, or about 1,700 square miles between 1990 and 2000. Southern California Studies Center, op. cit. Martin Kasindorf, op. cit. Beck, Roy and Leon Kolankiewicz, “Weighing Sprawl Factors in Large U.S. Cities,” NumbersUSA, March 2001. Daniel Wood, "The Limits of Sprawl: Massive Influx of People is Pushing California Toward a Meltdown," San Jose Mercury News, March 7, 2000. Ibid. Haya El Nasser, "U.S. Neighborhoods Grow More Crowded," USA Today, July 7, 2002. Randy Capps, "Hardship Among Children of Immigrants: Findings from the 1999 National Survey of America’s Families," Urban Institute, 2001. Selected Housing Characteristics: 2005 Data Set - 2005 American Community Survey, American Fact Finder, U.S. Census Bureau. Sandra Marquez, "California Leads Nation in Number of People Per Household," Associated Press, June 15, 2002. Haya El Nasser, "U.S. Neighborhoods Grow More Crowded," USA Today, July 2, 2002. "Table DP-4, Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000," American Factfinder , U.S. Census Bureau. Jennifer Mena, "California: In Housing Density, It’s Too Close for Comfort," Los Angeles Times, September 15, 2003 Jim Wasserman, "California Suffers Housing Shortage," The Columbian, July 22, 2001. Leonel Sanchez, "Poverty Expands Its Reach," San Diego Union-Tribune, May 18, 2003. Kevin McCarthy and Georges Veruez, Immigration in a Changing Economy, RAND, 1997. Don Lee, "L.A. County Jobs Surge Since ‘93, But Not Wages," Los Angeles Times, July 26, 1999. Peter Hong, Marla Dickerson, and Nancy Cleeland, "Southland’s Average Family Income Dropped in the ‘90s," Los Angeles Times, May 15, 2002. Beth Barrett, "Poverty Rates Climb in Los Angeles, Census Figures Show," Los Angeles Daily News, May 15, 2002. "The Changing Face of Child Poverty in California," National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University, August 2002. “California State Factsheet,” Migration Information Source, Migration Policy Institute. "Medical Emergency: Costs of Uncompensated Care in Southwest Border Counties," US-Mexico Border Counties Coalition, September 2002. "A System in Crisis, More ERs Shut; Losses Grow," California Medical Association, 2003. Press Release, "CMA’s Annual ER Financial Report: Hospital Losses Reached $390 Million in 2001," California Medical Association, February 27, 2003. Charlie LeDuff, "Los Angeles County Weighs Cost of Illegal Immigration," New York Times, May 21, 2003. Emily Bazar, "Border Hospitals Claim Money Ills," Sacramento Bee, February 8, 2003. Jerry Seper, "Mexican Medics Take Sick to U.S.," Washington Times, December 12, 2002. Kathleen Sweeney, "California Water Officials Plan for Future Droughts," Daily News of Los Angeles, January 27, 2002.  Deborah Schoch, “Water shortage worst in decades, official says.” Los Angeles Times May 2, 2008  FAIR. Projecting the U.S. population growth to 2050. Center for Immigration Studies. November 2007. http://www.cis.org/articles/2007/back1007.html City of Los Angeles Environmental Affairs Department. Environmental Facts 2007 Rich Connell “L.A. prepares massive water-conservation plan” Los Angeles Times May 15, 2008 Deborah Schoch, “Water shortage worst in decades, official says.” Los Angeles Times May 2, 2008                                            East Bay Municipal Utility District News, Oakland, CA. May 13, 2008.  Rich Connell “L.A. prepares massive water-conservation plan” Los Angeles Times May 15, 2008 Carrie Peyton Dahlberg and Matt Weiser. “Schwarzenegger hopes drought decree is wake-up call.” Sacramento Bee. June 5, 2008. Andrew Silva, "Bad Air Comes Back," San Bernardino Sun, September 6, 2003. Conor Friedersdorf, "AQMD to Weight Pollutant Proposal," San Bernardino Sun, July 9, 2003. “State of the Air 2005: California”, American Lung Association. "Check Points," Urban Institute, September 2, 2000. Breaking the Piggy Bank: How Illegal Immigration is Sending Schools Into the Red, Federation for American Immigration Reform, August 2003. Thomas Hargrove, "U.S. School Building Boom Fails to Meet Need," Scripps Howard News Service, March 8, 2001. "Overview of Public Elementary and Secondary Schools and Districts: School Year 1999-2000," National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. "Public Elementary and Secondary School Student Enrollment, High School Completions, and Staff From the Common Core of Data: School Year 2005-06', National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, June 2007. Projections of Education Statistics to 2015, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. "Public Elementary and Secondary School Student Enrollment, High School Completions, and Staff From the Common Core of Data: School Year 2005-06', National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, June 2007. Thomas Hargrove, Ibid. Ellen Lee, "McGrath Provides Answer to Space Question," Contra Costa Times, June 12, 2001. Lee Green, "Infinite Ingress: A Human Wave Is Breaking Over California," Los Angeles Times, January 25, 2004. "UC Teacher Recruitment and Preparation," Office of the President, University of California, at http://www.ucop.edu/ucophome/commserv/FS0001TeachTrain.pdf . Michelle Locke, "Running Out of Room at the Hotel California?" Associated Press, May 26, 2001. Harrison Sheppard, "Crowding Becoming Crisis," Daily News of Los Angeles, February 18, 2001 "The Debate Over Class Size," Education World, February 23, 1998. Erika Hayasaki and Patrick Dillon, "School District Shuts Out Sports," Los Angeles Times, March 11, 2004. Robert Gehrke, "Emergency Care for Undocumented Immigrants Costs $200 Million, Study Finds," Associated Press, September 27, 2002. Jo Moreland, "Study: County Pays $50M Annually in Border Costs," North County Times, February 6, 2002. Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers.