Virginia

Summary Demographic State Data (and Source)
Population (2009 CB est.):	7,882,590
Population (2000 Census):	7,078,515
Foreign-Born Population (2009 FAIR est):	805,742
Foreign-Born Population (2000 Census):	570,279
Share Foreign-Born (2009):	10.2%
Share Foreign-Born (2000):	8.1%
Naturalized U.S. Citizens (2009 CB est.):	365,075
Share Naturalized (2009):	45.3%
Legal Immigrant Admission (DHS 2000-2009):	254,523
Refugee Admission (HHS 2000-2009):	18,521
Illegal Alien Population(2010 FAIR est.):	260,000
Cost of Illegal Aliens(2010 FAIR):	$1,905,100,000
Projected 2050 Population(2006 FAIR):	11,389,000

Virginia: Census Bureau Data

STATE POPULATION

Using the American Community Survey (ACS), the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that in July 2009 Virginia’s population had increased to 7,882,590 residents, i.e., an increase of 804,075 residents since 2000. That is a rate of increase of about 1.2 percent per year. The comparable national annual rate of increase was 1.0 percent.

Virginia population 1990-2009

The 2000 Census found 7,078,515 persons resident in Virginia. This was an increase of 891,157 persons above the 1990 Census. The annual average increase of 1.4 percent was higher than the national annual average of 1.2 percent population increase.

The 2000 population was about 80,000 more persons than the Census Bureau had expected to find in the state in 2000 when it issued its state population projections in 1996. The significance of this is that the Census Bureau concluded that much of the shortfall in their population estimates during the 1990s was due to an underestimation of the illegal alien population.

Between the 1980 and 1990 Censuses, the population of Virginia grew by 15.7 percent (from about 5,346,797 to 6,187,358). That was an annual rate of increase of 1.5 percent. The national rate of change was 1.0 percent.

FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION

Based on the ACS, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the foreign-born population of Virginia was 805,742 persons in 2009. This meant a foreign-born population share of 10.2 percent.

NET INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION (NIM)

Based on the Current Population Survey (CPS), the Census Bureau estimated that between the 2000 Census and July 2009 the state’s population increased by about 204,220 residents from net international migration (more foreign-born arriving than leaving). That was an annual average increase of about 21,960 residents, i.e., more than one-fourth (25.4%) of the total increase (not including the children born to the immigrants after their arrival in the United States).

FOREIGN-BORN CHANGE

The amount of change since the 2000 Census reported by the ACS indicates an average annual rate of increase in the foreign-born population of about 25,320 people, which is nearly three-tenths (29.3%) of the state’s annual average population increase. Since 2000, the foreign-born population has increased by 41.3 percent compared to a 8.7 percent increase in the native-born population.

Immigration also contributes to population growth through the children born to immigrants in this country. Nationally the share of births to the foreign-born is about double their share of the population. A 20.4 percent share of the state’s current births is large enough to account for about 21,055 births a year. Combining the increase in the foreign-born population and estimated immigrant births suggests that immigration may account for nearly 46,375 persons added to the state’s population annually, i.e., more than half (53.6%) of the state’s overall population increase.

The 2000 Census found that 47.2 percent of Virginia's foreign-born population had arrived in the state since 1990. This demonstrates the effects of the current mass immigration, and it is a higher share than the national average (43.7%). The 2009 ACS estimate was that 37.8 percent of the foreign-born population had entered since 2000. This also is also higher than the national share of new arrivals of 31.6 percent.

FOREIGN-BORN CHARACTERISTICS

An indicator of the change in Virginia's immigrant population may be seen in data on the share of the population over five years of age that speaks a language other than English at home. Between 1990 and 2000, the share of non-English speakers increased from 7.3 percent to 10.8 percent. Less than half (41.3%) of those persons in 2000 also said they spoke English less than very well. In the 2009 ACS, the share had increased to 13.5 percent and of those 38.3 percent spoke English less than very well. Spanish speakers were 44.7 percent of those who spoke other than English at home, and 52.1 percent of those who spoke English less than very well.

Naturalization

Data from the 2009 ACS indicate that 365,075 residents, or 45.3 percent, of the foreign-born population in Virginia were U.S. citizens, compared to 232,767 residents, or 40.8 percent, in 2000. Nationally, 40.3 percent of the foreign-born were U.S. citizens in 2000, and 43.7 percent in 2009.

Speakers of Foreign Languages (at home in Virginia in the 2000 Census)
Spanish	316,275
French	39,875
Korean	39,653
Tagalog	33,600
German	32,735
Vietnamese	31,920
Arabic	25,985
Chinese	24,555
Persian	19,200
Urdu	15,250
(Source: Census Bureau report: Language Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over, April 2004)

Virginia Foreign-Born Population 1900-2008

The chart above shows the foreign-born population increasing by 41.3 percent since 2000 and the share of that population from Latin America and the Caribbean increasing by 51.7 percent. That region’s share of the state’s immigrant population grew from 33.3 percent to 35.7 percent in 2009.

POPULATION PROJECTION

We projected Virginia’s population in 2050 likely would be between 10.99 million and 11.39 million depending on what happens with immigration policy. See “Projecting the U.S. Population to 2050: Four Immigration Scenarios,” FAIR 2006.

Virginia: Extended Data

REFUGEE SETTLEMENT

Virginia received 18,521 refugees over the most recent ten fiscal years (FY'00-'09).

Limited English Proficiency Students

In Virginia overall enrollment in 2008 (1,230,857) was 9.5 percent above enrollment in 1999. LEP enrollment was 236 percent higher than a decade earlier.

FOREIGN STUDENTS

The 2009/2010 annual report of the Institute of International Education (IIE) lists the number of foreign students attending post-secondary school in Virginia as 14,844. Five schools in the state are listed as having a majority of these students:

Virginia Tech. – 2,533.
Geo. Mason U. – 2,167
U. Virginia – 2,020
Virginia Cmwlth. U. – 1,702
N. Virginia C.C. – 1,661

Those schools represented nearly three-fourths (74.0%) of the total foreign students in the state.

For information on foreign student issues see: Foreign Students in the United States

Virginia: Immigrant Admissions

Virginia Immigrant Admissions by Fiscal Year
2000	20,087
2001	26,876
2002	25,411
2003	19,781
2004	21,697
2005	27,100
2006	38,488
2007	29,682
2008	30,257
2009	29,825
Total	254,523

Recent immigrant admissions are at 993 percent of admissions just after adoption of the current immigration system in 1965. During the 1965-'69 period, annual admissions averaged about 2,965 immigrants. During the most recent five years, admissions averaged about 29,445 persons.

The charts below show recent immigrant admissions and the cumulative immigrant admissions data since 1965. The number of annual admissions has ranged from 2,345 in FY'66 to 38,488 in FY’06. The cumulative total of admissions to Virginia between fiscal years 1965 and 2009 was about 637,235 immigrants.

INS DATA ON IMMIGRANT SETTLEMENT FY'93-'02

The table below furnishes INS data on immigrants who have been admitted for residence in Virginia since 1993 by fiscal year and by nationality.

Immigrant Admissions by Fiscal Year
Country	FY'93	FY'94	FY'95	FY'96	FY'97	FY'98	FY'99	FY'00	FY'01	FY'02	Total
Bangladesh	-	-	-	326	345	280	266	343	-	272	1,832
Canada	250	238	224	317	235	181	197	307	466	445	2,860
China *	1,438	1,249	791	1,024	1,010	703	607	1,147	1,627	1,780	11,326
Colombia	179	153	142	195	170	150	122	198	253	277	1,839
Cuba	14	25	36	47	173	60	35	82	72	88	632
Dom. Rep.	80	70	69	50	67	31	40	56	66	90	619
Ecuador	59	-	72	76	93	59	76	76	114	119	744
El Salvador	1,686	1,283	1,120	1,689	1,747	1,509	1,443	1,794	2,565	1,878	16,714
Germany	218	209	181	-	202	171	151	225	256	260	1,873
Guatemala	248	166	187	283	283	304	252	331	436	358	2,848
Guyana	43	23	49	49	36	29	17	25	-	41	312
Haiti	14	28	84	121	27	31	40	29	44	54	472
Honduras	120	-	-	-	189	174	169	208	-	228	1,088
India	958	928	931	1,208	1,257	910	956	1,465	2,970	2,928	14,511
Iran	539	469	447	647	469	302	337	402	604	473	4,691
Ireland	146	210	-	-	18	18	20	23	-	33	468
Jamaica	122	96	115	98	123	117	96	116	141	123	1,147
Japan	-	89	-	-	91	57	71	147	184	152	791
Korea	761	589	806	886	709	694	596	895	1,084	1,442	8,462
Mexico	278	253	318	531	528	541	616	777	804	749	7,917
Nicaragua	-	-	-	-	173	120	143	329	334	214	1,313
Nigeria	-	-	125	175	100	106	89	136	-	182	913
Pakistan	461	558	623	790	900	889	967	1,017	1,282	1,120	8,607
Peru	471	490	443	692	623	576	547	520	722	646	5,730
Philippines	1,390	1,119	1,219	1,446	1,155	921	812	1,046	1,214	1,247	11,569
Poland	78	85	40	57	34	30	31	32	42	48	477
Sov. Un. *	525	613	575	644	430	571	590	696	715	988	6,347
Trin.& Tob.	-	58	-	-	126	86	57	80	-	89	496
U. Kingdom	484	404	401	440	345	239	280	385	533	515	4,026
Vietnam	1,300	1,594	1,236	1,437	919	686	630	827	1,093	1,017	10,739
Yugo. *	-	-	78	285	178	130	153	290	486	870	2,470
Other	4,589	4,343	6,057	7,860	6,522	5,011	4,708	6,083	8,769	6,685	60,627
Total	16,451	15,342	16,319	21,375	19,277	15,686	15,144	20,087	26,876	25,411	191,968

A dash (-) indicates that the data for that year were not published for that country in the INS Statistical Yearbook.
* China data include Hong Kong and Taiwan. Former USSR data continued since break-up (except FY'96-'97 and ‘01 include only Russia and Ukraine). Former Yugoslavia data continued since break-up.

Immigrant settlement from the 31 countries above accounted for over two-thirds (68.4%) of all immigrant settlement and adjustment in Virginia during this period. Immigrants from El Salvador amounted to nearly nine percent of the total. When immigrants from Vietnam, Philippines, China and India are added to those from El Salvador, those countries accounted for over one-third (33.8%) of all immigrant admissions during the period.

Virginia:Illegal Aliens

FAIR Estimate - FAIR estimated the state’s illegal alien population as of 2010 was as many as 260,000 persons. This is part of an overall estimate of the U.S. illegal alien population of about 12 million persons.

INS/DHS Estimate - The INS (now dissolved into the Dept. of Homeland Security) estimated that the resident illegal population in Virginia was 103,000 as of 2000. This was 48,000 higher than the INS' 1996 estimate.

Other Estimates - The Pew Hispanic Center estimated the illegal alien population of the state at 210,000 as of 2010.

Cost of Illegal Aliens

FAIR’s 2010 fiscal cost study, “The Fiscal Burden of Illegal Immigration on United States Taxpayers” estimated the following cost outlays and tax receipts:

Virginia Fiscal Costs In 2009
Due to Illegal Aliens ($M)		(Pct.)
K-12 educ.	$882.7	46.3%
LEP educ.	$401.7	21.1%
Medicaid	$205.0	10.8%
SCHIP	$60.4	3.2%
Justice	$132.6	7.0%
Welfare+	$79.8	4.2%
General	$142.9	7.5%
Total	$1,905.1
Tax Receipts	$116.1
Net Cost	$1,789.0

Source: “The Fiscal Burden of Illegal Immigration on United States Taxpayers,” FAIR 2010.

Virginia : Poll Data

A Zogby poll conducted on May 26-27, 2007 of 606 Likely Voters in Virginia found:

55.7% believe illegal immigration is having a negative impact on the state.
55.1% oppose amnesty and support the enforcement of current immigration laws. Only 35% of Virginians support amnesty.
74% believe that amnesty would harm American workers.
84.3% believe that the state should require all employers to use E-Verify to ensure the workers they hire are legally allowed to work in America.
60.2% think that those who violate immigration laws are responsible for the consequences it causes for their families.
72.8% oppose expanding healthcare to illegal aliens beyond emergency treatment.

A Rasmussen Report conducted on October 24, 2007 of 500 Likely Voters in Virginia found:

88% oppose undocumented immigrants receiving public benefits such as rental and housing assistance and business licenses.
82% oppose making drivers’ licenses available to illegal immigrants.
79% said they favor police officers automatically checking legal status during traffic stops, and 67% said if someone stopped turns out to be illegal, they should be deported
72% favor enforcing proof of citizenship when renting an apartment.
71% favor strict government sanctions on employers who hire illegal immigrants
88% believe it is important for the government to improve its enforcement of the borders and reduce illegal immigration (72% “very important” and 18% “somewhat important”).

A Washington Post telephone poll of 1,144 Virginian voters, October 4-8th revealed:

75% of likely voters said immigration is important to their votes in state and lcoal elections.
69% believe the federal government has not done enough to deal with illegal immigration.
60% would be more likely inclined to support an office seeker who advocated aggressive state and local action against illegal immigration.
53% want the federal and state government to “do a lot” in dealing with illegal immigration.
52% think illegal immigration is a problem in their area of the state.

A Washington Post poll of 1, 144 Virginia voters, October 2007 found

60% voters said they are more likely to support a candidate who advocates “…strong state and local action against illegal immigrants.”
36% identified “immigration issues” as “extremely important” in influencing their vote for the state legislature (highest rated issue after “the economy” 39%).
31% in Northern Virginia identified “immigration” as one of the top two issues facing the state (highest rated issue after “transportation” 33%).

A Washington Post poll of registered Virginia voters, August 2005 found:

“Would you support or oppose using public money to help pay for designated places where day laborers could gather while they wait to be hired?” a clear majority (56%-42%) were opposed.
“What if some of these day laborers were in the country illegally?” the responses became overwhelmingly opposed (78%-19%).
Asked whether immigration in general “has been (good/bad/no difference) for your community” the responses were negative (53%-21%).

Virginia: Immigration Impact

ENVIRONMENTAL AND QUALITY OF LIFE PROFILE

Traffic: Over one-quarter (26%) of Virginia's bridges and culverts are classified as structurally deficient or obsolete. The American Society of Civil Engineers termed the state's bridges to be "among the oldest in the nation," warning that "more than 50 percent" are approaching the end of their anticipated lifetimes.¹

Virginia Beach commuters spent about 29 extra hours in traffic in 2007 due to congestion, resulting in 19 extra gallons of fuel consumption per commuter. In Richmond, each commuter lost about 20 hours and 13 gallons of fuel, bringing Virginia's cost of non-D.C. congestion to $703 million. Washington, D.C.'s urban area, which includes parts of Maryland and Virginia, was the second-most congested city in the U.S. in 2007. Commuters wasted an estimated 62 hours and 42 gallons of fuel while stuck in traffic, resulting in a time and fuel cost of $2.8 billion.² For the entire Northern Virginia region, the average commuter delay per year was 38 hours, and the Hampton Roads region had the second-highest delays for recreational travelers in the country.³ Nationwide, the amount of travel in urban areas that was not congested dropped from 74 percent in 1982 to 45 percent in 2007. Prevalence of severe congestion nearly tripled, and the peak period of work-related congestion once dubbed "rush hour" has more than doubled in length since 1982.⁴ About 18 percent of Virginia commuters had a commute of 45 minutes or longer in 2008.⁵

In 2009, over 30 percent of Virginia's interstates and primary roads were judged to be deficient, a figure that is projected to rise to 79 percent by 2025 (including 96 percent of urban interstates). The projected cost of this maintenance is $74 billion.⁶ Vehicle travel on Virginia's highways increased 36% from 1990 to 2007.⁷ Driving on roads in need of repair costs Virginia motorists $1.2 billion a year in extra vehicle repairs and operating costs — $248 per motorist.⁸

Within the next 20 years Northern Virginia's increase in population will be two to three times greater than the planned increase in highway capacity, according to the National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board.⁹

Disappearing Open Space: The amount of developed land in Virginia increased by 1,259,300 acres from 1982 to 2007, growing at a pace of 47,350 acres per year over the last ten years of that period.¹⁰ About 62,000 acres were developed in the Richmond region from 1982 to 1992—a developed area one and a half times the size of the city itself. Forty-seven percent of the farmland in the Richmond metro area disappeared from 1959 to 1992. At that rate, 86 percent of the farmland would disappear by 2020.¹¹

A study of urban sprawl between 1970 and 1990 that calculated the impact of population increase and per capita land use found that 221.4 square miles of additional land were consumed by urban sprawl in the Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News metropolitan area, and 85.1 percent of that sprawl was attributable to population increase. In the Richmond metro area sprawl consumed an additional 158.1 square miles and population increase accounted for 47.1 percent of the increase. In the Washington, DC-Maryland, and Virginia metropolitan area, 47.0 percent of 450.1 square miles of growth was attributable to population increases.¹²

Sprawl: In the Richmond region, land was developed twice as fast from 1992 to 1997 as in the previous decade—from an average of 5,830 acres a year to 11,760 acres a year. The development rate increased 42 percent in Hampton Roads (which developed 43,300 acres from 1992 to 1997) and 3 percent in northern Virginia (which developed 49,300 acres).¹³

Water: Between 2000 and 2006, Virginia's foreign-born population increased by 35.7 percent.¹⁴ That compares with a 5.5 percent increase in the native-born population and that includes the children born to immigrants. When the U.S-born children of immigrants are included, immigration accounts for 57.9 percent of the state's overall growth during that time.¹⁵ By 2050 the state's population is expected to rise from 7.6 million in 2006 to 11.4 million.¹⁶ Virginia has a daily, per-capita water demand of 101.7 gallons.¹⁷ This means that by 2050 public water usage will have increased by 386.5 million gallons each day.

The Chesapeake Bay: Virginia obtains over $300 million dollars in revenue every year from tourism in the Chesapeake Bay area¹⁸. However, the state is already spending more than $400 million annually in an attempt to clean it up, and still the Bay continues to deteriorate¹⁹. The EPA estimates that the Chesapeake Bay is shrinking at a rate of more than 3,000 acres of wetlands every year.²⁰

At the same time, the human population in the Chesapeake Bay watershed is expected to reach 19 million by 2030.²¹ Seven of the 100 fastest growing counties in the country are in Virginia, and all of them lie within the boundaries of the Chesapeake Bay watershed²². Three of these counties directly border the waterway. Each of these counties exhibited a population growth rate of between 34 and 78% in the past ten years, well above the 9% growth rate the nation experienced in the same time period. If growth continues in the Chesapeake Bay watershed at its current rate, the Conservation Fund predicts that 9.5 million acres of forested land within the watershed will be developed by 2030, reversing virtually all gains made so far in restoring the bay.²³

Virginia is at the very bottom of the enormous drainage area that is the Chesapeake Bay watershed, collecting water from 5 other states and the District of Columbia. Both municipal and private water systems draw much of their water directly from the bay. This water is contaminated through stormwater and runoff with increasing amounts of bacteria, pathogens, industrial discharge, fertilizers, and pesticides as development in the entire watershed eats up clean ground and increasing numbers of people pollute the land. More than two-thirds of Virginia residents employ a water system which uses this surface water.²⁴

Solid Waste: Virginia generates 1.5 tons of solid waste per capita.²⁵

Air Pollution: In the American Lung Association's 2010 assessment based on the number of high ozone days, three-quarters of the Virginia counties scored received an "F," and none received an "A."

Lack of Affordable Housing: As population rises, the housing supply often can't keep up with the demand, causing prices to rise sharply. In northern Virginia, tight housing markets have kept prices beyond the reach of many blue-collar workers. Programs that require developers to build affordable housing into their projects have been stymied by efforts to restrict development in order to stop sprawl.²⁶ In 2008, Virginia's housing wage (the amount a full-time worker must earn per hour to afford a two-bedroom apartment at fair market rent) was $18.09 per hour, more than three times the minimum wage at the time. A minimum-wage worker would have had to work 124 hour weeks just to pay rent on a typical 2-bedroom apartment.²⁷

The number of households requesting governmental rental subsidies has grown by thousands in each of northern Virginia's major jurisdictions in recent years. In Loudoun, the waiting list tripled. Fairfax County, where the average rent increased 40 percent in the last four years, reported a 25 percent increase in homelessness during the same period.²⁸

Crowded Housing: An estimated 44,457 of Virginia's housing units were classified as crowded in 2008, defined as units with more than one occupant per room. This amounted to 1.5 percent of the state's housing units. 11,741 of those were severely crowded, with at least 1.5 occupants per room.²⁹ Following the national trend, crowded housing rates were driven upward by immigration. 13 percent of children in immigrant families live in crowded housing, compared to just 6 percent of children with native-born parents.³⁰

High immigrant concentrations in Fairfax County have led to massive crowding and plagued once-quiet neighborhoods. "People live in a great neighborhood, and the next day, 14 unrelated people move in, with inadequate bathroom facilities," says Virginia Senator Leslie Byrne. Byrne, whose office has been deluged with complaints about overcrowding, says it is harming this harms property values and putting public health at risk.³¹

Immigration and School Overcrowding: Virginia's K-12 student population increased by more than 80,000 between 2000 and 2005 (7 percent) and is expected to increase an additional 7 percent by 2015.³² In Northern Virginia, the constant influx of students makes it difficult to meet desirable student-teacher ratios, and experts attribute the increase in large part to an influx of immigrants.³³ Funds for school construction and renovation have not kept up with the growth in the Fairfax County's student population; which has increased by 20,000 students since 1995. Stafford county had to ask the state for emergency funds to hire additional teachers to accommodate the hundreds more students than were expected.³⁴ In Chesapeake, "no space is available at the elementary school, middle school, or high school."³⁵

All signs point to a continued funding and infrastructural shortfalls in the Virginia school system. Nearly half (46%) of Virginia's schools are over forty years old, and over three-quarters of school districts planning new construction name prohibitively high repair cost as a reason. Between deferred payments and currently unmet obligations, Virginia's shortfall for school construction expenditures was $3.8 billion as of December 2009.³⁶

Poverty:Virginia's immigrants are more likely to be poor than their native-born counterparts. In 2007, 10.1 percent of foreign-born households were below the poverty line, compared to 9.9 percent of native households. An additional 6.6 percent of both foreign-born and native households had incomes between 100 and 149 percent of the poverty level.³⁷ 12.9 percent of children in immigrant families were poor in 2006, compared to 11.6 percent of native children.³⁸

ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS

Before September 11th, 2001, Virginia's lax requirements for obtaining a driver's license caused a stream of illegal aliens into the state. After the terrorist attacks, the state tightened its identity and residency requirements and will no longer accept passports with expired visas as an acceptable document.³⁹

Experts say that northern Virginia, with its thriving service economy and surging communities of legal immigrants, has made northern Virginia a magnet for illegal aliens.⁴⁰ Approximately eighty percent of the state's illegal residents live in northern Virginia.⁴¹

Endotes:

American Society of Civil Engineers, "2009 Virginia Infrastructure Report Card."
Texas Transportation Institute, "Urban Mobility Report 2009."
Virginia Section, American Society of Civil Engineers, "2009 IRC Summaries."
Texas Transportation Institute, "Urban Mobility Report 2009," p 8-9, 22-24
American Community Survey, 2008 Estimates, Custom Data Table.
Virginia Section, American Society of Civil Engineers, "2009 IRC Summaries."
Report Card for America’s Infrastructure, Virginia State Page, Accessed July 23, 2010.
Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers.
Hiawatha Nicely, "Northern Virginia's Gridlock Affects the Entire State, "Roanoke Times & World News, February 16, 2002.
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, "Summary Report: 2007 National Resources Inventory."
Rex Springston and Will Jones, "A Growing Problem, "Richmond Times Dispatch," September 10, 2000.
Beck, Roy and Leon Kolankiewicz, "Weighing Sprawl Factors in Large U.S. Cities," NumbersUSA, March 2001.
U.S Census Bureau 2006.
Jack Martin, "Issue Brief: Estimation of Foreign Born Birthrate." FAIR. 2008
Jack Martin and Stanley Fogel, "Projecting the U.S. Population to 2050." FAIR. March 2006
U.S. Geological Survey 2000.
Ron Vample, "Sprawl Drying Up Drinking Water," Associated Press, August 28, 2002.
Virginia Tourism Corporation, "Vision Plan for Virginia’s Tourism Industry," 2002
ChesapeakeStat, "About Bay Funding"
Virginia DEQ, "Restoring Virginia’s Wetlands, A Citizen’s Toolkit," 2006
Anita Huslin, "Warning Issued on Health of Bay," Washington Post, July 14, 2000.
U.S. Census Bureau, "100 Fastest Growing Counties"
The Conservation Fund, "The State of Chesapeake Forests," 2006
U.S. EPA Virginia, "List of Water Systems in SDWIS"
Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers.
Michael Laris, "Affordable Housing Programs"
National Low Income Housing Coalition, "Out of Reach 2007-08."
Peter Whoriskey, "Prosperity Feeds Housing Pinch," Washington Post, March 17, 2002.
American Community Survey, Three-Year Estimates 2006-2008. Data retrieved using ACS Custom Table tool.
Kids Count Data Center, which used 2008 American Community Survey Data.
Lisa Rein and Michael D. Shear "Sleeping Quarters Measure Withdrawn," Washington Post, January 30, 2001.
"Overview of Public Elementary and Secondary Schools and Districts: School Year 1999-2000," National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. "Public Elementary and Secondary School Student Enrollment, High School Completions, and Staff From the Common Core of Data: School Year 2005-06', National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, June 2007. "Projections of Education Statistics to 2015," National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
Vaishali Honawar, "Schools Facing 8,000 More Students,"Washington Times, August 27, 2000.
Steven Ginsberg and Christina A. Samuels, "School Enrollments Surge for 2 Year,"Washington Post,"September 9, 2001.
Robert McCabe, "Schools Can't Handle Growth,"Virginian-Pilot,"August 26, 2002.
Virginia Section, American Society of Civil Engineers, "2009 IRC Summaries."
Migration Information Source State Data (Migration Policy Institute)
Urban Institute, Children of Immigrants Data Tool.
David Cho and Mary Beth Sheridan, "Tighter Immigrant ID Rules Shut Doors,"Washington Post,"March 18, 2002
Mary Beth Sheridan and Peter Whoriskey, "A Magnet for Illegal Immigrants," Washington Post," March 27, 2001.
Spencer S. Hsu, "Va. Lawmaker Takes Aim at Illegal Immigrants," Washington Post, January 16, 1995.

Other Resources

State Local Reform Organizations

State Representatives Voting Record

Updated December 2011

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