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Utah

Summary Demographic State Data (and Source)
Population (2008 CB est.):	2,736,424
Population (2000 Census):	2,233,169
Foreign-Born Population (2008 FAIR est.)	222,800
Foreign-Born Population (2000 Census):	158,664
Share Foreign-Born (2008 FAIR est.):	8.1%
Share Foreign-Born (2000):	7.1%
Immigrant Stock (2000 CB est.):	222,000
Share Immigrant Stock (2000 est.):	9.9%
Naturalized U.S. Citizens (2006 CB est.):	62,083
Share Naturalized (2006):	29.5%
Legal Immigrant Admission (DHS 1997- 2006):	41,885
Refugee Admission (DHS 1997-2006):	8,353
Illegal Alien Population (2008 FAIR est.):	100,000
Projected 2050 Population - (2006 FAIR est.):	4,515,303

General Data

STATE POPULATION

Using the Current Population Survey, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that in July 2008 Utah’s population had increased to 2,736,424 residents, i.e., an annual average increase of about 60,635 residents since 2000. That is a rate of increase of about 2.7 percent per year.

Net International Migration (NIM)

Based on the Current Population Survey, the Census Bureau estimated that between the 2000 Census and July 2008 the state’s population increased by about 63,855 residents from net international migration (more foreign-born arriving than leaving). That was an annual average increase of about 7,695 residents, i.e., more than one-eighth (12.7%) of the total increase (not including the children born to the immigrants after their arrival in the United States).

The state's overall rate of population increase between 1980-1990 was 17.9 percent (from 1,461,037 to 1,722,850). The 2000 Census found 2,233,169 persons resident in Utah. This was an increase of 510,319 persons above the 1990 Census (29.6%). The amount of increase was the 21^st highest in the country. The rate of increase was the fourth fastest increasing population in the country.

The 2000 population is about 25,000 more persons than the Census Bureau had expected to find in the state in 2000 when it issued its most recent state population projections in 1996. The significance of this is that the Census Bureau has concluded that much of the shortfall in their population estimates during the 1990s was due to an underestimation of the illegal alien population.

UT Utah had the 5th greatest rate of population increase in the country between 1960-2000.

Between 1980 and 1990 Utah's overall population increased by 17.9 percent (from 1,461,037 to 1,722,850 residents).

FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION

Based on the American Community Survey (ACS), the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the foreign-born population of Utah was 206,765 persons in 2006. The ACS is a large-scale, continuous sampling process designed to replace the need for a long-form in the 2010 Census. However, because the ACS does not have the same follow-up procedures as the Census to include non-respondents, it may underestimate the foreign-born population.

FAIR estimates that the foreign-born population of Utah was about 222,800 residents in July 2008. This meant a foreign-born population share of 8.1 percent. The amount of change since the 2000 Census indicates an average annual rate of increase in the foreign-born population of about 7,725 people, which is again more than one-eighth (12.7%) of the state’s annual average population increase. Since 2000, the foreign-born population has increased by 40.4 percent compared to a 21.2 percent increase in the native-born population.

Immigration also contributes to population growth through the children born to immigrants in this country. Nationally the share of births to the foreign-born is about double their share of the population. A 16.2 percent share of the state’s current births is large enough to account for about 8,320 births a year. Combining the increase in the foreign-born population and estimated immigrant births suggests that immigration may account for nearly 16,050 persons added to the state’s population annually, i.e., more than one-fourth (26.5%) of the state’s overall population increase.

An indicator of the change in the immigrant population may be seen in data on the share of the population that speaks a language other than English at home. Between 1990 and 2000 the share of non-English speakers at home in Utah increased by nearly half, from 7.8 percent to 11.5 percent. Less than half (41.7%) of those who said they spoke a language other than English at home in 2000 also said they spoke English less than very well.

An indicator of the change in the immigrant population may be seen in data on the share of the population that speaks a language other than English at home. Between 1990 and 2000 the share of non-English speakers at home in Utah increased by nearly half, from 7.8 percent to 11.5 percent. Less than half (41.7%) of those who said they spoke a language other than English at home in 2000 also said they spoke English less than very well.

Speakers of Foreign Languages (at home in Utah in the 2000 Census)
Spanish	150,245
German	12,095
Navaho	9,375
French	7,875
Portuguese	5,715
Vietnamese	5,200
Tongan	5,180
Japanese	5,030
Chinese	5,015
Korean	3,215
(Source: Census Bureau report: Language Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over, April 2004)

The Census Bureau’s American Community Survey found that in 2006, the foreign born population was 210,500 residents, an increase of 32.7 percent since 2000. In comparison, the foreign-born population changed from 58,600 to 158,664 residents between 1990 and 2000, an increase of 170.8 percent.

The ten countries below constituted approximately three fifths (67.2%) of the foreign-born population in Utah in 2006. Of the total foreign-born population, Mexico alone accounted for approximately one half (49.1%). 

   

Foreign-Born Change Since 1990: Top Ten Countries 1990-2006
Rank	Country	1990		Country	2000	Country	2006
1	Mexico	8,922		Mexico	66,478		Mexico	103,455
2	Canada	5,459		Canada	7,722		Canada	8,501
3	Germany	4,949		Germany	5,086		China	6,184
4	United Kingdom	3,957		Vietnam	4,920		Germany	4,374
5	Vietnam	2,562		China	4,830		Vietnam	4,356
6	Netherlands	2,204		United Kingdom	4,784		Korea	3,178
7	Tonga	1,943		Polynesia	4,662		England	3,055
8	Japan	1,801		El Salvador	3,201		El Salvador	2,986
9	China	1,667		Korea	3,013		Philippines	2,780
10	Korea	1,659		Yugoslavia	2,980		Brazil	2,532
	All Others	23,477		All Others	50,988		All Others	69,099
	Total	58,600		Total	158,664		Total	210,500

THE IMMIGRANT STOCK

The Census Bureau estimated that there were about 222,000 people in Utah in 1997 who were "immigrant stock." That is a term that refers to immigrants and their children born here after their arrival. Based on that estimate, and the population of 2,233,169, the immigrant stock share of the state's population was 9.9 percent.

As the graph below shows, the amount and share of Utah’s population change due to the increase in the foreign stock is rising rapidly. Over the past 34 years the new immigrants and children born to them have added about 226,600 people to the population. Over this period, the increase in the foreign stock has accounted for 17.1 percent of the state’s population increase.

NATURALIZATION

Data from the 2006 American Community Survey indicate that 62,083 residents, or 29.5 percent, of the foreign-born population in Utah were citizens, compared to 48,178 residents, or 30.4 percent, in 2000.

Nationally, 40.3 percent of the foreign-born population was citizens in 2000 and 42.0 percent were citizens in 2006.

REFUGEE SETTLEMENT

has received 8,353 refugees over the most recent ten fiscal years (FY'97-'06), with 691 arriving in FY’06.

Under the Office of Refugee Resettlement's (HHS/ORR) assistance funding for FY'02 $798,851 is available for refugee employment training and other services programs in Utah based on a three-year refugee settlement program covering 3,183 refugees (an average of $251 per refugee). This allocation does not include a larger share (55%) of funding programs for communities heavily affected by recent Cuban and Haitian entrants, communities with refugees whose cultural differences make assimilation especially difficult, communities impacted by federal welfare reform changes, educational support to schools with significant refugee students, and discretionary grants. ORR grants for FY’05 and FY’06 respectively were $3,294,973 and $3,883,038.

LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENCY STUDENTS

Data are not available nationally on immigrant students (either legally or illegally resident in the United States) who are enrolled in primary and secondary schools (K-12). However, many of these students are enrolled in Limited English Proficiency/English Language Learning (LEP/ELL) instruction programs. Many may be U.S.-born, but the majority of these students may be assumed to be either immigrants or the children of immigrants, with the exception being areas with native Americans who speak a native language other than English.

In Utah, overall enrollment in 2002 (477,801) was 9.3 percent above enrollment in 1993. By contrast, LEP enrollment (43,299 - 9.1% of all enrollment) was 77 percent higher than a decade earlier.

Data on enrollment in LEP/ELL programs are collected by the federal government from school systems that receive Title VII funds for these special instruction programs. The data on LEP/ELL enrollment are understated because data from private schools that do not apply for Title VII assistance are sketchy.

FOREIGN STUDENTS

The 2006/07 annual report of the Institute of International Education (IIE) lists the number of foreign students attending post-secondary school in Utah as 6,122. Two schools in Utah are listed as having a major concentration of these students:

• University of Utah had enrollment of 1,478 foreign students, 5.2% of total enrollment.
• Brigham Young Univeristy had enrollment of 2,212 foreign students, 6.7% of total enrollment. 

Below, a chart illustrates the sharp increase of foreign students attending school in Utah from 1960-2000.

For information on foreign student issues see: Foreign Students in the United States.

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Immigrant Admissions

Utah Immigrant Admissions by Fiscal Year
1997	2,840
1998	3,360
1999	3,564
2000	3,710
2001	5,247
2002	4,889
2003	3,159
2004	4,255
2005	5,082
2006	5,749
Total	41,855

Recent immigrant admissions have increased by about 425 percent since adoption of the current immigration system in 1965. During the 1965-69 period, annual admissions averaged about 880 immigrants. During the 2002-06 period, admissions averaged about 4,625 immigrants.

The charts below show recent immigrant admissions and the cumulative INS immigrant admissions data since 1965. The number of annual admissions has ranged from 747 in FY'68 to 5,749 in FY'06. The cumulative total of admissions to Utah between fiscal years 1965 and 2006 was about 108,120 immigrants.

The data for fiscal years 1989-91 were artificially raised slightly by the inclusion of former illegal aliens who were amnestied in 1986. According to INS data (1991) the number of amnesty applicants from Utah was 7,316 (2,778 pre-1982 residents and 4,538 agricultural workers).

The data for FY'95, and FY'97-'99 were artificially low because the INS did not issue green cards to all the eligible applicants for adjustment of status who were already in the United States. In those four years, new immigration could have registered as much as 30 percent higher, if the INS had kept up with its workload.

Beginning with FY'01, the INS began to increase admissions as a result of reducing the size of the backlog of Section 245(i) adjustment of status cases, i.e., amnesty, for illegal aliens.

INS DATA BY NATIONALITY: FY'93 - FY'02

The INS data below are furnished for nationals of the countries with the largest number of immigrants admitted or adjusted to legal residence each year since 1993. The absence of data means that the total number of admissions to the United States by nationals of that country was not enough to merit detailed reporting in that year.

The nationalities may change each year, so the totals in some cases will not reflect all the immigrants of that nationality who have become legal immigrants in Utah during this period.

Immigrant Admissions by Fiscal Year
Country	FY'93	FY'94	FY'95	FY'96	FY'97	FY'98	FY'99	FY'00	FY'01	FY'02	Total
Bangladesh	-	-	-	6	2	5	1	1	-	1	16
Canada	239	259	197	223	109	117	85	140	229	153	1,751
China *	620	362	162	279	227	171	128	209	307	267	2,732
Colombia	24	24	37	32	19	25	21	30	55	50	317
Cuba	0	3	1	7	4	17	22	7	12	6	79
Dom. Rep.	9	10	15	13	9	5	11	13	12	15	112
Ecuador	14	-	11	19	15	17	23	16	31	29	175
El Salvador	25	22	32	54	49	49	67	52	71	71	492
Germany	40	49	30	-	19	45	34	69	89	89	464
Guatemala	28	22	37	45	37	51	44	52	59	66	441
Guyana	3	1	1	2	0	0	0	0	-	1	8
Haiti	3	2	3	7	0	0	1	3	8	11	38
Honduras	10	-	-	-	26	20	13	31	-	15	115
India	103	68	74	134	44	101	69	57	122	102	874
Iran	44	49	46	89	39	85	44	49	62	73	628
Ireland	16	41	-	-	12	5	2	5	-	3	84
Jamaica	6	0	3	1	5	6	6	1	12	3	43
Japan	-	60	-	-	35	46	40	58	69	58	366
Korea	49	48	64	66	39	39	45	49	61	59	519
Mexico	297	322	565	1,036	878	1,035	1,157	1,036	1,103	1,288	8,717
Nicaragua	-	-	-	-	3	8	11	30	27	28	107
Nigeria	-	-	10	21	14	12	7	11	-	13	88
Pakistan	34	29	41	41	36	29	31	25	30	39	335
Peru	77	66	59	118	76	96	74	66	123	95	850
Philippines	82	106	59	79	84	72	69	79	99	99	828
Poland	27	22	13	13	11	7	5	10	17	13	138
Sov. Un. *	255	260	174	147	164	161	216	237	219	229	2,062
Trin.& Tob.	-	2	-	-	1	1	5	0	-	0	9
U. Kingdom	120	93	87	100	49	52	44	74	116	73	808
Vietnam	395	270	255	280	160	133	180	152	205	146	2,176
Yugo. *	-	-	67	176	30	255	288	356	548	797	2,517
Other	746	761	788	1,262	644	695	821	792	1,561	997	9,067
Total	3,266	2,951	2,831	4,250	2,840	3,360	3,564	3,710	5,247	4,889	36,908

A dash (-) indicates that the data for that year were not published for that country in the INS Statistical Yearbook.
* China data include Hong Kong and Taiwan. Former USSR data continued since break-up (except FY'96-'97 and ‘01 includes only Russia and Ukraine). Former Yugoslavia data continued since break-up.

The 31 nationalities above represent more than three-quarters (75.4%) of all immigrant settlement and adjustment in Utah during this ten-year period. The largest sources of the new immigrants (Mexico, China, Vietnam and the former Soviet Union) account for over two-fifths (42.5%) of the ten-year total. Mexico alone accounted for nearly one-quarter (23.6%) of the total.

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Illegal Aliens

FAIR Estimate - FAIR estimates the state’s illegal alien population as of 2008 is as many as 100,000 persons. This is part of an overall estimate of the U.S. illegal alien population of about 13 million persons.

INS/DHS Estimate - The INS (now dissolved into the Dept. of Homeland Security) estimated in February 2003 that the resident illegal population in Utah was 65,000 as of January 2000. This number 50,000 higher than the INS' 1996 estimate.

Other Estimates - The A Pew Hispanic Center estimates the illegal alien population of the state at 75,000 to 100,000 as of 2005.

COST OF ILLEGAL ALIENS

Incarceration Costs - Utah has received partial compensation under the federal State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP) that was established in 1994 to compensate the states and local jurisdictions for incarceration of "undocumented," aliens who are serving time for a felony conviction or at least two misdemeanors.

The recent SCAAP amounts that Utah has received were:

The amount of SCAAP awards has been declining in both total distributions and even more as a share of the state’s expenses. In FY’99 the state received 38.6% of its costs for 454 prisoner years of detention. By FY’02, the state’s reported illegal alien detention rose by 35 percent to 614 prisoner years, while compensation fell by 41 percent.

Each year 6 million Utah taxpayer dollars are spent housing undocumented workers at the state prison. Utah Department of Corrections Deputy Director Christine Mitchell says five percent of the prison population is illegal and most come from Mexico . …Mitchell says the federal government has recently acknowledged the financial impact to states of keeping illegal aliens in state correctional systems. However, federal reimbursement for Utah's alien prison population has now declined from over two million dollars in the year 2000 to just $360,000 in 2006. (“Hundreds of Illegal Aliens Fill Prison Beds in Utah,” KCPW News, June 21, 2006)

Medical Costs - Under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act, hospitals with emergency rooms are required to treat and stabilize patients with emergency medical needs regardless whether or not they are in the country legally or whether they are able to pay for the treatment. Congress in 2003 enacted an appropriation of $250 million per year (for 4 years) to help offset some of the costs due to use of this service by illegal aliens. This amount has been allocated among the states based upon estimates of the illegal alien population and data on the apprehension of illegal aliens in each state. This amount compensates only a fraction of the medical outlays. For Utah, the proposed payment in fiscal year 2004 is $1,550,050.

Educational Costs - In our study Breaking the Piggy Bank: How Illegal Immigration is Sending Schools into the Red,we estimated based on 2004 data that educational expenditures for illegal immigration were costing the Utah taxpayer $184.4 million dollars annually. This cost was partially for educating students who were themselves illegally in the country ($76.8 million) and in part for the education of their siblings born in the United States to illegal residents ($107.6 million).

Projected Fiscal Costs  - In 2006 we estimated that Utah taxpayers are currently burdened with annual costs of about $244million because of illegal aliens residing in the state. That estimate was based on only expenditures for education, emergency medical care and incarceration. We projected that those costs will rise unless we gain control over our borders and our worksites. If a new amnesty and increases in immigrants and guest workers were enacted, as proposed by business and ethnic advocacy groups, we project that the cost to the state’s taxpayers for those same programs would rise to $414  million per year in 2010 and to $727 million per year in 2020

LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS

You can view a listing of local immigration reform groups here.

STATE CONGRESSIONAL DELEGATION VOTING RECORD

You can view the voting record of your representatives in Congress regarding immigration issues in our voting report section.

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Immigration Impact

All numbers are from the U.S. Census Bureau unless otherwise noted.

Population Change

Utah’s population increased by 30.2 percent between 1990 and 2000, and by 13.7 percent between 2000 and 2006, bringing Utah’s total population to approximately 2.6 million. ¹

In 2006 Utah was the 5^th fastest growing state in the United States . ²

Approximately 17.3 percent of the total population increase between 2000 and 2006 in Utah was directly attributable to immigrants.

FAIR estimates the illegal alien population in 2005 at 108,000, which ranks 18th in the U.S. for the FAIR estimate. This number is 66% above the U.S. government estimate of 65,000 in 2000, and 620% above the 1990 estimate of 15,000.

According to an estimate of the Pew Hispanic Center, in 2005 there were an estimated 75,000 to 100,000 illegal aliens living in Utah. ³

FAIR estimates in 2004 that the taxpayers of Utah spent $184.4 million per year on illegal aliens and their children in public schools. ⁴

FAIR’s projected annual fiscal costs to Utah taxpayers for emergency medical care, education and incarceration resulting if an amnesty is adopted for illegal residents.
Current	2010	2020
$244,000,000	$417,000,000	$727,000,000

Population Profile

Foreign-Born Population

Environmental and Quality of Life Profile

Water: Water is already a scarce resource in this desert state, and the increased demand generated by population growth is exacerbating the problem. The state’s frequent water shortfalls means farmers’ irrigation is cut when water is scarce. ⁵ In 2001, some farmers faced harvest yields of up to 40 percent less than normal as a result. In response to the growing crisis, Utah’s governor has asked residents to reduce their water use by 25 percent in the next several decades. ⁶ The Jordan Valley District projects it will be unable to meet water needs by 2009. Weber Basin won’t be able to meet its water needs by 2015. Salt Lake and Sandy Counties could run out of water by 2025. ⁷

Hundreds of the state’s waterways are polluted with silt and runoff from urban storm sewers, often killing wildlife and causing floods. ⁸

Traffic: As population growth put more traffic on the roads, the average commute for Utah residents increased from 19 minutes in 1990 to 20.5 minutes in 2005. 9/ 10/ 38% of Utah's major urban roads are congested. 21% of Utah's major roads are in poor or mediocre condition, and vehicle travel on Utah's highways increased 64% from 1990 to 2003. Driving on roads in need of repair costs Utah motorists $300 million a year in extra vehicle repairs and operating costs --- $200 per motorist. Congestion in the Salt Lake City area costs commuters $573 per person per year in excess fuel and lost time. ¹¹

Travelers in the Salt Lake City area experience an annual delay of 33 hours. ¹²  9 percent of commuters in Utah have a commute that is at least 45 minutes long. ¹³

The average Salt Lake rush-hour commuter spent 20 hours in gridlock during 2000—versus three hours in 1980. ¹⁴

Disappearing open space: Utah’s open spaces are being paved over to accommodate population growth; between 1990 and 1998, the state saw a 22 percent increase in housing construction, the second highest rate in the nation. ¹⁵ Each year, Utah loses 16,300 acres due to development. ¹⁶

Experts say that much of Utah’s wilderness and its native species will vanish if conservation of resources and open space is not made an immediate priority. ¹⁷

A study of urban sprawl between 1970 and 1990 that calculated the impact of population increase and per capita land use found that 91.9 square miles of additional land were consumed by urban sprawl in the Ogden metropolitan area, and 59.7 percent of that sprawl was attributable to population increase. In the Salt Lake City area sprawl consumed an additional 69.8 square miles and population increase accounted for 100 percent of the increase. ¹⁸

Crowded Housing: In 2005 over 26,000 Utah households were defined as crowded or severely crowded by housing authorities. ¹⁹ Studies show that a rise in crowded housing often correlates with an increase in the number of foreign-born. ^{20, 21}

Air Pollution: As population increases, pollution usually rises along with it. Air along Utah’s Wasatch Front is visibly polluted most days. Even the New York-New Jersey metro area has better air quality than the Salt Lake Valley when measured for carbon monoxide, one of the main components of unhealthy air. ²² Utah County is not allowed to add any new roads because its air quality is already in violation of federal standards. ²³ Officials say that unless Salt Lake acts to limit sprawl and curb auto emissions, the city could soon be “obscured by a soup of pollutants.” ²⁴  

Box Elder, Davis, and Weber counties all received a grade of “D” from the American Lung Association in their “State of the Air” 2005 report. Utah country received  “C”, and Salt Lake county received a “F”. ²⁵

Poverty: In 2005 19.5 percent of immigrants in Utah had incomes below the poverty level, an increase of 25.1 percent since 2000. Among foreign-born non-citizens, the rate climbs to 25.3 percent. ²⁶

Solid Waste: Utah generates 1.07 tons of solid waste per capita. ²⁷

Schools: Between 2000 and 2006 Utah’s K-12 enrollment increased by over 28,000 students, ²⁸, ²⁹ and is projected to increase by an additional 73,000 students by the year 2015. ³⁰ Utah’s student-teacher ratio of 22.1 ranks last in the U.S. ³¹

The Alpine school district alone opened three new elementary schools in 2000. Those new schools already have seven portable classrooms and the district is beginning further construction to meet the still-increasing enrollment. ³² In 2001, Herriman Elementary in southern Salt Lake County was expecting 50 percent more students than the year before. The school is switching to a year-round schedule to accommodate population growth a year from now. By 2010, it could have to find room for twice as many students as it was built to hold. ³³ Jordan School District plans to add up to ten new schools this decade; some classrooms have as many as 35 students. ³⁴

Illegal Immigration in Utah

According to police records, illegal aliens were involved in 80 percent of Utah’s arrests for felony-level narcotics violations in 1995. ³⁵

Endnotes:

1. FAIR estimate based on the 2006 Current Population Survey.
2. Table A. Leading States/Equivalents by population Changes: July 1, 2005, to July 1, 2006. U.S. Census Bureau.
3. "Estimates of the Unauthorized Migrant Population for  States based on the March 2005 CPS", Pew Hispanic Center.
4. Martin, Jack. “Breaking the Piggy Bank: How Illegal Immigration is Sending Schools into the Red,” A Report by the Federation for American Immigration Reform.
5. Brent Istaelsen, “Running on Empty, Utah’s Dry Spell Likely to Linger,” Salt Lake Tribune, October 22, 2001.
6. Lynn Arave, “Leavitt Says Save Water, Pray For Rain,” Deseret News, August 12, 2001.7. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Brent Istaelsen, “Running on Empty, Utah’s Dry Spell Likely to Linger,” Salt Lake Tribune, October 22, 2001.
9. Table DP-1-4, Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000,” Census 2000, U.S. Census Bureau.
10. Selected Economic Characteristics: 2005 Data Set - 2005 American Community Survey, American Fact Finder, U.S. Census Bureau.
11. Report Card for America 's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers.
12. "The 2005 Urban Mobility Report", Texas Transportation Institute.
13. “ U.S. Population 2007 Data Sheet,” Population Reference Bureau.
14. Zack Van Eyck, “S.L. Ranks Low in Traffic Gridlock,” Deseret News, June 22, 2002.
15. Maria Titze, “ Utah No. 2 Nationally in Housing Growth,” Deseret Sun, December 9, 1999.
16. “State Rankings by Acreage and Rate of Non-federal Land Developed,” Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/tables/t5845.htm
17. Phil Miller, “Growth in Utah: It’s Coming No Matter What,” Salt Lake Tribune, November 11, 1998.
18. Beck, Roy and Leon Kolankiewicz, “Weighing Sprawl Factors in Large U.S. Cities,” NumbersUSA, March 2001.
19. Selected Housing Characteristics: 2005 Data Set - 2005 American Community Survey, American Fact Finder, U.S. Census Bureau.
20. Haya El Nasser, “ U.S. Neighborhoods Grow More Crowded,” USA Today, July 7, 2002.
21. Randy Capps, “Hardship Among Children of Immigrants: Findings from the 1999 National Survey of America’s Families,” Urban Institute, 2001.
22. Timothy Egan, “Urban Sprawl Strains Western States,” New York Times, December 29, 2001.
23. “Smog Clogs Plan to Widen U.S. 6,” Deseret News, April 27, 2001.
24. Timothy Egan, op. cit.
25. State of the Air 2005: Utah”, American Lung Association.
26. “ Utah State Factsheet,” Migration Information Source, Migration Policy Institute.
27. Report Card for America 's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers.
28. "Overview of Public Elementary and Secondary Schools and Districts: School Year 1999-2000," National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
29. "Public Elementary and Secondary School Student Enrollment, High School Completions, and Staff From the Common Core of Data: School Year 2005-06', National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, June 2007.
30. Projections of Education Statistics to 2015, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
31. "Public Elementary and Secondary School Student Enrollment, High School Completions, and Staff From the Common Core of Data: School Year 2005-06', National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, June 2007.
32. Alpine Schools Expect Crowds,” Daily Herald, August 18, 2001.
33. Elyse Hayes, “Is Utah Facing a Baby Boom?” Deseret News, July 11, 2001.
34. Brandon Loomis, “ Utah’s Growing Pains,” Salt Lake Tribune, March 11, 2001.
35. Utah Gets Cash for Jailing, Salt Lake Tribune, December 6, 1996

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