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Ohio

Summary Demographic State Data (and Source)
Population (2008 CB est.):	11,485,910
Population (2000 Census):	11,353,140
Foreign-Born Population (2008 FAIR est):	436,640
Foreign-Born Population (2000 Census):	339,279
Share Foreign-Born (2008 FAIR est.):	3.8%
Share Foreign-Born (2000):	3.0%
Immigrant Stock(2000 CB est.):	953,000
Share Immigrant Share (2000 est.):	8.4%
Naturalized U.S. Citizens (2006 CB est.):	197,241
Share Naturalized (2006):	47.8%
Legal Immigrant Admission (DHS 1997-2006):	115,439
Refugee Admission (DHS 1997-2006):	13,170
Illegal Alien Population (2008 FAIR est.):	115,000
Projected 2050 Population - (2006 FAIR):	13,307,806

The cities of Dayton and Cincinnati have grown into one another in a rush of development, which residents complain is wiping out farmland and overtaxing water, traffic, and school systems. Growth has been particularly dramatic in Ohio's fastest growing county, Warren County just north of Columbus, which grew 64 percent between 1990 and 2000.

Extended Data

STATE POPULATION

Using the Current Population Survey, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that in July 2008 Ohio’s population had increased to 11,485,910 residents, i.e., an annual average increase of about 15,995 residents since 2000.

Net International Migration (NIM)

Based on the Current Population Survey, the Census Bureau estimated that between the 2000 Census and July 2008 the state’s population increased by about 96,250 residents from net international migration (more foreign-born arriving than leaving). That was an annual average increase of about 11,600 residents, i.e., nearly three-fourths (72.5%) of the total increase (not including the children born to the immigrants after their arrival in the United States).

The 2000 Census found 11,353,140 persons resident in Ohio. This was an increase of 506,025 persons above the 1990 Census. The rate of increase (4.7%) was less than the national average of 9.9 percent. However, the amount of increase was the 22^nd highest in the country.

The 2000 population is about 35,000 more persons than the Census Bureau had expected to find in the state in 2000 when it issued its most recent state population projections in 1996. The significance of this is that the Census Bureau has concluded that much of the shortfall in their population estimates during the 1990s was due to an underestimation of the illegal alien population.

During the 1980-1990 decade, the population of the state increased by 0.5 percent (from 10,797,603 to 10,847,115 residents.

FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION

Based on the American Community Survey (ACS), the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the foreign-born population of Ohio was 412,301 persons in 2006. The ACS is a large-scale, continuous sampling process designed to replace the need for a long-form in the 2010 Census. However, because the ACS does not have the same follow-up procedures as the Census to include non-respondents, it may underestimate the foreign-born population.

FAIR estimates that the foreign-born population of Ohio was about 436,640 residents in July 2008. This meant a foreign-born population share of 3.8 percent. The amount of change since the 2000 Census indicates an average annual rate of increase in the foreign-born population of about 11,730 people, which is nearly three-fourths (73.3%) of the state’s annual average population increase. Since 2000, the foreign-born population has increased by 28.7 percent compared to a 0.3 percent increase in the native-born population.

Immigration also contributes to population growth through the children born to immigrants in this country. Nationally the share of births to the foreign-born is about double their share of the population. A 7.6 percent share of the state’s current births is large enough to account for about 11,410 births a year. Combining the increase in the foreign-born population and estimated immigrant births suggests that immigration may account for nearly 23,140 persons added to the state’s population annually, i.e., more than the total (144.6%) of the state’s overall population increase.

The 2000 Census found that 42.2 percent of Ohio's foreign-born population had arrived in the state since 1990. This demonstrates the effects of the current mass immigration, although it is a slightly lower share than the national average (43.7%).

An indicator of the change in the immigrant population may be seen in data on the share of the population that speaks a language other than English at home. Between 1990 and 2000 the share of non-English speakers at home in Ohio increased slightly, from 5.4 percent to 5.5 percent. Less than two-fifths (36.2%) of those who said they spoke a language other than English at home in 2000 also said they spoke English less than very well.

Speakers of Foreign Languages (at home in Ohio in the 2000 Census)
Spanish	213,145
German	72,570
French	44,395
Italian	27,695
Arabic	22,645
Chinese	21,590
Polish	16,460
Pennsylvania Dutch	16,350
Russian	16,030
Greek	13,655
(Source: Census Bureau report: Language Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over, April 2004)

The Census Bureau’s American Community Survey found that in 2006, the foreign born population was 412,352 residents, an increase of 21.5% percent since 2000. In comparison, the foreign-born population changed from 259,673 to 339,279 residents between 1990 and 2000, an increase of 30.7 percent.

The ten countries below constituted approximately 48.5% of the foreign-born population in Ohio in 2006.  Of the total foreign born population in 2006, approximately one fourth (26.4%) were born in the top three countries of Mexico, India, and China.

Foreign-Born Change Since 1990: Top Ten Countries 1990-2006
Rank	Country	1990		Country	2000		Country	2006
1	Germany	24,359		India	26,371		Mexico	43,178
2	Italy	18,808		China	21,474		India	37,940
3	United Kingdom	17,951		Germany	21,262		China	27,761
4	Yugoslavia	15,111		Mexico	20,551		Germany	22,555
5	Canada	14,615		Soviet Union	18,562		Canada	15,209
6	India	12,500		Canada	16,359		Philippines	10,970
7	Poland	9,446		United Kingdom	15,878		Vietnam	10,950
8	Hungary	8,431		Italy	12,814		Korea	10,798
9	Soviet Union	8,204		Korea	11,411		England	10,411
10	Japan	7,493		Philippines	9,914		Italy	10,323
	All Others	122,755		All Others	164,683		All Others	212,257
	Total	259,673		Total	339,279		Total	200,095

THE IMMIGRANT STOCK

The Census Bureau estimated that there were about 953,000 people in Ohio in 2000 who were "immigrant stock." That is a term that refers to immigrants and their children born here after their arrival. Based on that estimate, and the population of 11,353,140, the immigrant stock share of the state's population was 8.4 percent.

As the graph below shows, the amount of Ohio’s population change due to the increase in the foreign stock is rising rapidly. Over the past 34 years the new immigrants and children born to them have added about 438,200 people to the population. Over this period, the increase in the foreign stock has accounted for 54 percent of the state’s population increase.

NATURALIZATION

Data from the 2006 American Community Survey indicate that 197,241 residents, or 47.8 percent, of the foreign-born population in Ohio were citizens, compared to 169,295 residents, or 49.9 percent, in 2000.

Nationally, 40.3 percent of the foreign-born population was citizens in 2000 and 42.0 percent were citizens in 2006.

REFUGEE SETTLEMENT

Ohio has received 13,170 refugees over the most recent ten fiscal years (FY'97-'06), with 1,966 arriving in FY’06.

Under the Office of Refugee Resettlement's (HHS/ORR) assistance funding for FY'02 $1,082,953 is available for refugee employment training and other services programs in Ohio based on a three-year refugee settlement program covering 4,315 refugees (an average of $251 per refugee). This allocation does not include a larger share (55%) of funding programs for communities heavily affected by recent Cuban and Haitian entrants, communities with refugees whose cultural differences make assimilation especially difficult, communities impacted by federal welfare reform changes, educational support to schools with significant refugee students, and discretionary grants. ORR grants for FY’05 and FY’06 respectively were $7,143,594 and $8,465,360.

LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENCY STUDENTS

Data are not available nationally on immigrant students (either legally or illegally resident in the United States) who are enrolled in primary and secondary schools (K-12). However, many of these students are enrolled in Limited English Proficiency/English Language Learning (LEP/ELL) instruction programs. Many may be U.S.-born, but the majority of these students may be assumed to be either immigrants or the children of immigrants, with the exception being areas with native Americans who speak a native language other than English.

In Ohio, overall enrollment in 2002 (1,808,000) was 13.1 percent below enrollment in 1993. By contrast, LEP enrollment (19,868 - 1.1% of all enrollment) was 78.6 percent higher than a decade earlier.

Data on enrollment in LEP/ELL programs are collected by the federal government from school systems that receive Title VII funds for these special instruction programs. The data on LEP/ELL enrollment are understated because data from private schools that do not apply for Title VII assistance are sketchy.

FOREIGN STUDENTS

The 2006/07 annual report of the Institute of International Education (IIE) lists the number of foreign students attending post-secondary school in Ohio as 18,607. Four schools in Ohio are listed as having a major concentration of these students:

• Ohio State University  had enrollment of 4,345 foreign students, 8.4% of total enrollment.
• University of Cincinnati had enrollment of 2,037 foreign students, 5.7% of total enrollment
• Ohio University at Athens had enrollment of 1,273 foreign students, 6.5% of total enrollment
• Case Western Reserve University had enrollment of 1,155 foreign students, 11.7% of total enrollment

Below, a chart illustrates the sharp increase of foreign students attending school in Ohio from 1960-2000.

ILLEGAL ALIENS

FAIR Estimate - FAIR estimates the state’s illegal alien population as of 2008 is as many as 115,000 persons. This is part of an overall estimate of the U.S. illegal alien population of about 13 million persons.

INS/DHS Estimate - The INS (now dissolved into the Dept. of Homeland Security) estimated in February 2003 that the resident illegal population in Ohio was 40,000 as of January 2000. This number 17,000 higher than the INS' 1996 estimate.

Other Estimates - The Pew Hispanic Center estimates the illegal alien population of the state at 75,000 to 150,000 as of 2005.

COSTS OF ILLEGAL ALIENS

Incarceration Costs - In February 2003, the INS estimated that the illegal alien population in Ohio was about 40,000 residents as of January 2000. This was nearly double the previous INS estimate that the illegal alien population was about 23,000 residents as of October 1996. The latter estimate was an increase of nearly 30 percent from the estimated 18,000 in October 1992.

Ohio has received partial compensation under the federal State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP) that was established in 1994 to compensate the states and local jurisdictions for incarceration of "undocumented," aliens who are serving time for a felony conviction or at least two misdemeanors.

The recent SCAAP amounts that Ohio has received were:

The amount of SCAAP awards has been declining in both total distributions and even more as a share of the state’s expenses. In FY’99 the state received 38.6% of its costs for 200 prisoner years of detention. By FY’02, the state’s reported illegal alien detention rose by 94 percent to 387 prisoner years, while compensation fell by 10 percent and since has decreased sharply.

Medical Costs - Under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act, hospitals with emergency rooms are required to treat and stabilize patients with emergency medical needs regardless whether or not they are in the country legally or whether they are able to pay for the treatment. Congress in 2003 enacted an appropriation of $250 million per year (for 4 years) to help offset some of the costs due to use of this service by illegal aliens. This amount has been allocated among the states based upon estimates of the illegal alien population and data on the apprehension of illegal aliens in each state. This amount compensates only a fraction of the medical outlays. For Ohio, the proposed payment in fiscal year 2004 is $953,877.

Educational Costs - In our study Breaking the Piggy Bank: How Illegal Immigration is Sending Schools into the Red, we estimated based on 2004 data that educational expenditures for illegal immigration were costing the Ohio taxpayer $183.2 million dollars annually. This cost was partially for educating students who were themselves illegally in the country ($76.3 million) and in part for the education of their siblings born in the United States to illegal residents ($106.9 million).

Projected Fiscal Costs - In 2006 we estimated that Ohio taxpayers are currently burdened with annual costs of about $224 million because of illegal aliens residing in the state. That estimate was based on only expenditures for education, emergency medical care and incarceration. We projected that those costs will rise unless we gain control over our borders and our worksites. If a new amnesty and increases in immigrants and guest workers were enacted, as proposed by business and ethnic advocacy groups, we project that the cost to the state’s taxpayers for those same programs would rise to $372 million per year in 2010 and to $627 million per year in 2020

LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS

You can view a listing of local immigration reform groups here.

STATE CONGRESSIONAL DELEGATION VOTING RECORD

You can now access the voting record of your representatives in Congress regarding immigration issues in our voting report section.

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Immigrant Admissions

Ohio Immigrant Admissions by Fiscal Year
1997	8,189
1998	7,697
1999	6,855
2000	9,263
2001	14,725
2002	13,875
2003	9,787
2004	11,559
2005	16,897
2006	16,592
Total	115,439

Recent Immigrant admissions have increased by about 85 percent since adoption of the current immigration system in 1965. During the 1965-'69 period, annual admissions averaged about 7,440 immigrants. During the 2002-'06 period, admissions averaged about 13,740 immigrants.

The charts below show recent immigrant admissions and the cumulative immigrant admissions data since 1965. The number of annual admissions has ranged from 5,444 in FY'65 to 16,897 in FY'05. The cumulative total of admissions to Ohio between fiscal years 1965 and 2002 was about 361,395 immigrants.

The data for fiscal years 1989-91 were artificially raised by the inclusion of former illegal aliens who were amnestied in 1986. According to INS data (1991) the number of amnesty applicants from Ohio was 2,848 (1,615 pre-1982 residents and 1,233 agricultural workers).

The data for FY'95, and FY'97-'99 were artificially low because the INS did not issue green cards to all the eligible applicants for adjustment of status who were already in the United States. In those four years, new immigration could have registered as much as 30 percent higher, if the INS had kept up with its workload.

Beginning with FY'01, the INS began to increase admissions as a result of reducing the size of the backlog of Section 245(i) adjustment of status cases, i.e., amnesty, for illegal aliens.

INS DATA BY NATIONALITY: FY'93 - FY'02

The INS data below are furnished for nationals of the countries with the largest number of immigrants admitted or adjusted to legal residence each year since 1993. The absence of data means that the total number of admissions to the United States by nationals of that country was not enough to merit detailed reporting in that year.

The nationalities may change each year, so the totals in some cases will not reflect all the immigrants of that nationality who have become legal immigrants in Wyoming during this period.

The Department of Homeland Security website has detailed data on immigrant admissions since FY’03 by year and by country. (See http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/data/dslpr.shtm)

Immigrant Admissions by Fiscal Year
Country	FY'93	FY'94	FY'95	FY'96	FY'97	FY'98	FY'99	FY'00	FY'01	FY'02	Total
Bangladesh	-	-	-	55	57	48	51	61	-	52	324
Canada	423	394	386	544	256	307	231	360	608	524	4,033
China *	2,147	1,079	734	982	776	658	596	853	1,282	1,264	10,371
Colombia	44	48	54	42	61	44	45	62	130	103	633
Cuba	11	5	8	19	25	18	20	22	35	16	179
Dom. Rep.	23	33	44	29	29	32	27	34	61	51	363
Ecuador	5	-	7	14	14	15	19	24	42	28	168
El Salvador	11	19	11	25	13	20	22	19	48	29	217
Germany	171	193	161	-	95	124	110	149	244	227	1,474
Guatemala	23	18	36	32	32	40	47	66	82	127	503
Guyana	28	40	28	31	26	17	18	18	-	42	248
Haiti	3	6	7	6	19	18	19	5	31	18	132
Honduras	38	-	-	-	24	28	23	20	-	40	173
India	877	800	806	1,122	809	900	614	804	1,651	1,734	10,117
Iran	143	124	99	141	115	115	84	93	104	84	1,102
Ireland	157	181	-	-	6	21	12	25	-	23	425
Jamaica	71	74	88	112	71	51	66	89	118	93	833
Japan	-	85	-	-	103	105	67	126	185	122	793
Korea	240	174	181	188	140	151	169	167	224	215	1,849
Mexico	151	134	212	320	304	311	269	345	633	543	3,222
Nicaragua	-	-	-	-	15	19	20	44	65	24	187
Nigeria	-	-	95	116	103	94	100	112	-	123	743
Pakistan	120	129	107	160	146	141	179	149	198	201	1,530
Peru	44	34	35	64	37	33	39	56	74	65	481
Philippines	414	319	300	343	309	221	210	281	452	372	3,221
Poland	192	211	147	133	77	116	47	97	140	115	1,275
Sov. Un. *	1,866	1,743	1,481	1,158	983	809	1,441	1,154	1,269	821	12,725
Trin.& Tob.	-	29	-	-	22	27	17	14	-	33	142
U. Kingdom	334	315	265	291	194	188	159	285	419	330	2,780
Vietnam	481	331	350	294	343	263	263	280	358	359	3,322
Yugo. *	-	-	197	267	236	245	203	361	646	1,358	3,513
Other	2,686	2,666	2,746	3,749	2,749	2,518	1,668	3,088	5,626	4,739	32,235
Total	10,703	9,184	8,585	10,237	8,189	7,697	6,855	9,263	14,725	13,875	99,313

A dash (-) indicates that the data for that year were not published for that country in the INS Statistical Yearbook.
* China data include Hong Kong and Taiwan. Former USSR data continued since break-up (except FY'96-'97 and ’01 include only Russia and Ukraine). Former Yugoslavia data continued since break-up.

The 31 nationalities above represent more than two-thirds (67.5%) of all immigrant settlement and adjustment in Ohio during this ten-year period. Immigrants from the former Soviet Union accounted for more than one-eighth (12.8%) of Ohio's new immigrants during the period. Those immigrants combined with those from China and India comprise about one-third (33.4%) of all immigrants admitted since 1993. 

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Ohio : Poll Data

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Ohio : Immigration Impact

State Population (2006 CB estimate)	11,470,685
State Population in 2000	11,364,401
Average Annual Change 2000-2006	0.2%
Foreign Born Population 2006 1	416,065
Foreign Born Share 2006	3.6%
Foreign Born Population 2000	339,279
Foreign Born Share 2000	3.0%
Average Annual Change 2000-2006	3.6%
Population Projection 2010	11.57 million
Population Projection 2025	11.60 million
Population Projection 2050 (FAIR)	13.0 million

All numbers are from the U.S. Census Bureau unless otherwise noted. Additional Census Bureau, INS, and other immigration-related data are available for Ohio.

Population Change

Ohio’s population increased by 4.8 percent between 1990 and 2000, and by 0.9 percent between 2000 and 2006, bringing Ohio’s total population to approximately 11.4 million. 

Approximately 72 percent of the total population increase between 2000 and 2006 in Ohio was directly attributable to immigrants.

FAIR estimates the illegal alien population in 2005 at 74,000. This number is 85% above the U.S. government estimate of 40,000 in 2000, and 516% above the 1990 estimate of 12,000.

According to an estimate of the Pew Hispanic Center, in 2005 there were an estimated 75,000 to 150,000 illegal aliens living in Ohio This estimate ranks 20^th among illegal alien populations in the United States for the PEW estimate.²

FAIR estimates in 2004 that the taxpayers of Ohio spent $183.2 million per year on illegal aliens and their children in public schools.³

FAIR’s projected annual fiscal costs to Ohio taxpayers for emergency medical care, education and incarceration resulting if an amnesty is adopted for illegal residents.
Current	2010	2020
$224,000,000	$372,000,000	$627,000,000

Population Profile

Foreign-Born Population 

Environmental and Quality of Life Profile

Water: Between 2000 and 2006, Ohio’s foreign-born population increased by 21.5 percentOhio communities are already in competition for water supplies.⁶That compares with a 0.5 percent increase in the native-born population and that includes the children born to immigrants. When the U.S-born children of immigrants are included, immigration accounts for all of the state’s overall growth during that time.⁷By 2050 the state’s population is expected to rise from 11.5 million in 2006 to over 12.6 million.⁸Ohio has a daily, per-capita water demand of 129.5 gallons.⁹This means that by 2050 public water usage will have increased by 142.5 million gallons each day.

Traffic: As population growth put more traffic on the roads, the average commute for Ohio residents increased eleven percent during the 1990s, from 21 minutes in 1990 to 25.1 in 2005. ¹⁰, ¹¹  36% of Ohio's major urban roads are congested. 25% of Ohio's major roads are in poor or mediocre condition, and vehicle travel on Ohio's highways increased 25% from 1990 to 2003. Driving on roads in need of repair costs Ohio motorists $1.6 billion a year in extra vehicle repairs and operating costs --- $203 per motorist. ¹²

Congestion in the Akron-Canton area costs commuters $219 per person per year in excess fuel and lost time, $687 per person per year Cincinnati,  $204 per person per year in Cleveland, $514 per person in Columbus, $261 per person per year in Dayton, and $233 per person Toledo. ¹³ In the Cincinnati, OH,-Kentucky-Indiana area travelers experience an annual delay of 30 hours, and in the  Columbus are travelers experience an annual 29 hour delay. The annual delay in Cleveland is 10 hours, 12 hours in Akron, and 12 hours in Dayton. ^14/ 10 percent of commutes in Ohio experience a commute that is 45 minutes or longer. ¹⁵

Traffic congestion amounts to approximately 250 million hours of lost time for Ohio motorists and will increase to nearly 460 million hours of delay by 2020. This lost productivity costs Ohio businesses more than $500 million annually and will increase to more than $915 million by 2030. ¹⁶ Cincinnati area planners have estimated that it will cost between $815 million and $1 billion to expand existing transportation routes to handle the 30 percent increase in traffic expected by 2030. ¹⁷ In 2002, 25 percent of residents of Columbus listed traffic congestion as their number one concern about the area; it was the first time traffic had surpassed crime as the top concern. ¹⁸

Disappearing open space: Each year, Ohio loses 73,000 acres of open space and farmland due to development. ¹⁹ Ohio’s available farmland decreased twelve percent between 1982 and 1997, from 15.2 million to 13.6 million acres, and its pasture land decreased 40 percent, from 2.8 million acres to 2 million acres. Ohio ranked eighth in the nation in the amount of land that was converted to urban uses between 1992 and 1997. In that same period, Ohio ranked second out of all states in acreage of prime agricultural land converted to urban uses.^/20 Ohio’s original wetlands areas have declined from about five million acres to less than half a million acres—a loss of 90 percent. ²¹

Sprawl: A study of urban sprawl between 1970 and 1990 that calculated the impact of population increase and per capita land use found that 110.4 square miles of additional land were consumed by urban sprawl in the Columbus metropolitan area, and 46.5 percent of that sprawl was attributable to population increase. In the Cincinnati metro area, which crosses into Kentucky, sprawl consumed an additional 176.6 square miles and population increase accounted for 20.8 percent of the increase. ²²

Crowded housing: In 2005 over 53,000 Ohio households are defined by housing authorities as crowded or severely crowded. ²³ Studies show that a rise in crowded housing often correlates with an increase in the number of foreign-born. ²⁴, ²⁵

Air pollution:  In 2000, the power plants used to support Ohio’s population produced 375,000 tons of nitrous oxide, the equivalent of the annual emissions from 19 million cars. ²⁶  The American Lung Association gave Ohio a grade of “F” for all by two of its 88 counties. ²⁷

Poverty: In 2005 15.8 percent of immigrants in Ohio had incomes below the poverty level, an increase of 35.3 percent since 2000. Among non-citizen immigrants, the rate climbs to 21.4 percent. ²⁸ According to local economic experts, large-scale immigration of low-skilled workers has kept down the median income and depressed wages in Ohio. ²⁹ Ohio is now lagging behind the rest of the Great Lakes region in income and poverty indicators. ³⁰

Education: Between 2000 and 2006 Ohio’s K-12 student enrollment increased by over 3,000 students. ³¹, ³² Ohio’s student-teacher ratio of 15.6 currently ranks 33^rd in the U.S. ³³

The Cincinnati school district already is using more than 130 temporary trailer classrooms and is adding more in 2003 because of overcrowding. ³⁴ In Columbus, one quarter of all schools are overcrowded. ³⁵ In Hilliard, some classes meet daily in staff dining rooms and study halls are being held in gyms. ³⁶

Solid Waste: Ohio generates 1.42 tons of solid waste per capita. ³⁷

Endnotes

1. FAIR estimate based on the 2006 Current Population Survey.
2. "Estimates of the Unauthorized Migrant Population for States based on the March 2005 CPS", Pew Hispanic Center.
3. Martin, Jack. “Breaking the Piggy Bank: How Illegal Immigration is Sending Schools into the Red,” A Report by the Federation for American Immigration Reform.
4. Lynn Hulsey and Lawrence Budd, “Rush to the Middle: Growth has Joined Dayton and Cincinnati into One City,” Dayton Daily News, October 28, 2001.
   5. Joann Rouse, “Warren County Continues Growth,” Dayton Daily News, February 24, 2002.
5. Joann Rouse, op.cit.
6. U.S. Census Bureau 2006.
7. Jack Martin. “Issue Brief: Estimation of Foreign Born Birthrate.” FAIR. 2008.
8. Jack Martin and Stanley Fogel. “Projecting the U.S. Population to 2050.” FAIR. March 2006.
9. U.S. Geological Survey 2000
10. Selected Economic Characteristics: 2005 Data Set - 2005 American Community Survey, American Fact Finder, U.S. Census Bureau.
11. Ibid
12. "The 2005 Urban Mobility Report", Texas Transportation Institute.
13. “Economic Impacts for Ohio,” Ohio Department of Transportation web site, February 12, 2003
14. “Highway Planners Address Cincinnati-area Bottleneck,” Associated Press, April 29, 2003.
15. “Curing Myopia; Regional Planning a Must for Central Ohio,” Columbus Dispatch, April 28, 2002.
16. “State Rankings by Acreage and Rate of Non-federal Land Developed,” Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
17. “Growth and Change at the Rural-Urban Interface: An Overview of Ohio’s Changing Population and Land Use,” The Exurban Change Project, Ohio State University, March 2003.
18. “A History of Ohio Wetlands,” Ohio Department of Natural Resources website.
19. Beck, Roy and Leon Kolankiewicz, “Weighing Sprawl Factors in Large U.S. Cities,” NumbersUSA, March 2001.
20. “Ohio State Factsheet,” Migration Information Source, Migration Policy Institute.
21. Randy Capps, “Hardship among Children of Immigrants: Findings from the 1999 National Survey of America’s Families,” Urban Institute, 2001.
22. Haya El Nasser, “U.S. Neighborhoods Grow More Crowded,” USA Today, July 7, 2002.
23. Dennis Fiely, “Evidence Building for Deadly Effects of Air Pollution,” Columbus Dispatch, June 17, 2002.
24. “State of the Air 2005: Ohio”, American Lung Association.
25. “Ohio State Factsheet,” Migration Information Source, Migration Policy Institute.
26. Lornet Turnbull, “1990s Boom a Bust for Some,” Columbus Dispatch, September 3, 2001.
27. Dave Davis, “Back of the Pack; Ohio Trails Region in Income, Education,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, June 7, 2002.
28. "Overview of Public Elementary and Secondary Schools and Districts: School Year 1999-2000," National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
29. "Public Elementary and Secondary School Student Enrollment, High School Completions, and Staff From the Common Core of Data: School Year 2005-06', National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, June 2007.
30. Projections of Education Statistics to 2015, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
31. Jennifer Mrozowski, “Four Schools May Add Trailers,” Cincinnati Enquirer, March 8, 2003.
32. “Condition of Columbus Schools,” KidsOhio.org, Fall 2002.
33. “Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: 1990-2000,” Office of Policy Planning, U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, January 2003.
34. Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers.

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