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Louisiana


Summary Demographic State Data (and Source)
Population (2008 CB est.): 4,410,796
Population (2000 Census): 4,468,976
Foreign-Born Population (2008 FAIR est.): 138,530
Foreign-Born Population (2000 Census): 115,885
Share Foreign-Born (2008 FAIR est.): 3.1%
Share Foreign-Born (2000): 2.6%
Immigrant Stock (2000 CB est.): 215,000
Share Immigrant Stock (2000 est.): 4.8%
Naturalized U.S. Citizens (2006 CB est.): 59,109
Share Naturalized (2006): 47.2%
Legal Immigrant Admission (DHS 1997-2006): 29,235
Refugee Admission (DHS 1997-2006): 3,628
Illegal Alien Population (2008 FAIR est.): 40,000
Costs of Illegal Aliens (2005 FAIR) $26,000,000
Projected 2050 Population (2006 FAIR) 5,257,391
      

Louisiana: General Data

STATE POPULATION

Using the Current Population Survey, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that in July 2008 Louisiana’s population had increased to 4,410,796 residents, but was still not back to the pre-Katrina level. Compared to the 2000 Census, the state population was still reduced by about 58,000 residents.

Louisiana Population 1900-2008

NET INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION (NIM)

Based on the Current Population Survey, the Census Bureau estimated that between the 2000 Census and July 2008 the state’s population increased by about 23,235 residents from net international migration (more foreign-born arriving than leaving). That was an annual average increase of about 2,800 residents at the same time that the overall population decreased.

Louisiana Sources of Population Change 1990-99

Louisiana Sources of Population Change 2000-08

The 2000 Census found 4,468,976 persons resident in Louisiana. This was an increase of 249,003 persons above the 1990 Census. The rate of increase (5.9%) was lower than the national average of 9.9 percent population increase.

The 2000 population is about 40,000 more persons than the Census Bureau had expected to find in the state in 2000 when it issued its most recent state population projections in 1996. The significance of this is that the Census Bureau has concluded that much of the shortfall in their population estimates during the 1990s was due to an underestimation of the illegal alien population.

The population of Louisiana increased by 0.3 percent from 1980 to 1990 (from 4,206,116 to 4,219,973 residents).

FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION

Based on the American Community Survey (ACS), the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the foreign-born population of Louisiana was 132,869 persons in 2006. The ACS is a large-scale, continuous sampling process designed to replace the need for a long-form in the 2010 Census. However, because the ACS does not have the same follow-up procedures as the Census to include non-respondents, it may underestimate the foreign-born population.

FAIR estimates that the foreign-born population of Louisiana was about 138,530 residents in July 2008. This meant a foreign-born population share of 3.1 percent. The amount of change since the 2000 Census indicates an average annual rate of increase in the foreign-born population of about 2,730 people despite (or perhaps because of) the effects of the hurricane. Since 2000, the foreign-born population has increased by 19.5 percent compared to a 1.9 percent decrease in the native-born population.

Immigration also contributes to population growth through the children born to immigrants in this country. Nationally the share of births to the foreign-born is about double their share of the population. A 6.2 percent share of the state’s current births is large enough to account for about 4,000 births a year. Combining the increase in the foreign-born population and estimated immigrant births suggests that immigration may account for nearly 6,730 persons added to the state’s population annually despite the overall decrease in the population.


The 2000 Census found that 37 percent of Louisiana's foreign-born population had arrived in the state since 1990. This demonstrates the effects of the current mass immigration, although it was a lower share than the national average (43.7%).

An indicator of the change in the immigrant population may be seen in data on the share of the population that speaks a language other than English at home. Between 1990 and 2000 the share of non-English speakers at home in Louisiana decreased slightly from 10.1 percent to 8.4 percent. Less than one-third (30.6%) of those who said they spoke a language other than English at home in 2000 also said they spoke English less than very well.

Speakers of Foreign Languages
(at home in Louisiana in the 2000 Census)

French 179,746
Spanish 105,190
Vietnamese 23,325
Cajun 14,355
German 8,045
Arabic 5,490
Chinese 4,540
French Creole 4,470
Italian 3,730
Tagalog 3,335

(Source: Census Bureau report: Language Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over, April 2004)

The Census Bureau’s American Community Survey found that in 2006, the state’s foreign born population was 125,204 residents, an increase of 8 percent since 2000. In comparison, the foreign-born population changed from 87,407 to 115,885 residents between 1990 and 2000, an increase of 32.6 percent.

The ten countries below constituted approximately half (50.2%) of the foreign-born population in Louisiana in 2006. Mexico accounted for (17.2%) alone.

Foreign-Born Change Since 1990: Top Ten Countries 1990-2006
Rank Country 1990     Country 1990     Country 2000
1 Vietnam 11,313     Vietnam 16,767     Mexico 21,496
2 Honduras 8,338     Honduras 11,237 Vietnam 14,342
3 Cuba 4,920     Mexico 9,321     China 5,507
4 Germany 4,274     India 5,468     India 5,290
5 Nicaragua 3,913     .Cuba 5,460     Cuba 4,233
6 United Kingdom 3,693     Germany 4,815     Germany 3,090
7 India 3,306     China 4,526     Canada 2,980
8 Mexico 3,224     United Kingdom 4,184     Colombia 2,125
9 Philippines 2,339     .Philip. 3,722     El Salvador 2,012
10 Canada 2,242     Nicaragua 3,685     United Kngdom 1,717
    All Other 39,845     All Others 17,721     All Others 62,412
    Total 87,407 Total 44,898     Total 62,792
THE IMMIGRANT STOCK

The Census Bureau estimated that there were about 215,000 people in Louisiana in 1997 who were "immigrant stock." That is a term that refers to immigrants and their children born here after their arrival. Based on that estimate, and the population of 4,468,976, the immigrant stock share of the state's population was 4.8 percent.

As the graph below shows, the amount of Louisiana’s population change due to the increase in the foreign stock is rising rapidly. Over the past 34 years the new immigrants and children born to them have added about 164,300 people to the population. Over this period, the increase in the foreign stock has accounted for 18.8 percent of the state’s population increase.

Louisiana Foreign Stock

NATURALIZATION

Data from the 2006 American Community Survey indicate that 59,109 residents or 47.2 percent, of the foreign-born population in Louisiana were citizens, compared to 56,102 residents, or 48.4 percent, in 2000.

Nationally, 40.3 percent of the foreign-born population was citizens in 2000, and 42.0 percent in 2006

Refugee Settlement

Louisiana has received 3,628 refugees over the most recent ten fiscal years (FY'97-'06) including 149 persons in FY’06

 

Under the Office of Refugee Resettlement's (HHS) assistance funding for FY'02 $346,344 is available for refugee employment training and other services programs in Louisiana based on a three-year refugee settlement program covering 1,380 refugees (an average of $251 per refugee). This allocation does not include a larger share (55%) of funding programs for communities heavily affected by recent Cuban and Haitian entrants, communities with refugees whose cultural differences make assimilation especially difficult, communities impacted by federal welfare reform changes, educational support to schools with significant refugee students, and discretionary grants. ORR grants for FY’05 and FY’06 respectively were $920,586 and $970,874.

LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENCY STUDENTS

Data are not available nationally on immigrant students (either legally or illegally resident in the United States) who are enrolled in primary and secondary schools (K-12). However, many of these students are enrolled in Limited English Proficiency/English Language Learning (LEP/ELL) instruction programs. Many may be U.S.-born, but the majority of these students may be assumed to be either immigrants or the children of immigrants, with the exception being areas with native Americans who speak a native language other than English.


In Louisiana, overall enrollment in 2002 (731,474) was 17.6 percent below enrollment in 1993. By contrast, LEP enrollment (8,432 - 1.2% of all enrollment) was 43.2 percent higher than a decade earlier.

Data on enrollment in LEP/ELL programs are collected by the federal government from school systems that receive Title VII funds for these special instruction programs. The data on LEP/ELL enrollment are understated because data from private schools that do not apply for Title VII assistance are sketchy.

FOREIGN STUDENTS

The 2006/07 annual report of the Institute of International Education (IIE) lists the number of foreign students attending post-secondary school in Louisiana as 5,619. One school in Louisiana is listed as having a major concentration of these students: Louisiana State University had enrollment of 1,857 foreign students, 6.3% of total enrollment. Below, a chart illustrates the sharp increase of foreign students attending school in Louisiana from 1960-2000..


For information on foreign student issues see: Foreign Students in the United States.

ILLEGAL ALIENS

FAIR Estimate - FAIR estimates the state’s illegal alien population as of 2008 is as many as 40,000 persons. This is part of an overall estimate of the U.S. illegal alien population of about 13 million persons.

INS/DHS Estimate - The INS (now dissolved into the Dept. of Homeland Security) estimated in February 2003 that the resident illegal population in Louisiana was 5,000 as of January 2000. This number actually 17,000 lower than the INS' 1996 estimate.

Other Estimates - The Pew Hispanic Center estimates the illegal alien population of the state at 25,000 to 45,000 as of 2005.

COSTS OF ILLEGAL ALIENS

Incarceration Costs - Louisiana has received partial compensation under the federal State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP) that was established in 1994 to compensate the states and local jurisdictions for incarceration of "undocumented," aliens who are serving time for a felony conviction or at least two misdemeanors.

The recent SCAAP amounts that Louisiana has received were:

FY’99  —  $752,585
FY’00  —  $742,606
FY’01  —  $259,990
FY’02  —  $316,449
FY’03  —  $136,677
FY’04  —  $180,003

The amount of SCAAP awards has been declining in both total distributions and even more as a share of the state’s expenses. In FY’99 the state received 38.6% of its costs for 178 prisoner years of detention. By FY’02, the state’s reported illegal alien detention had increased by 26 percent to 224 prisoner years, while compensation decreased by 58 percent and then fell off even more sharply.

Medical Costs - Under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act, hospitals with emergency rooms are required to treat and stabilize patients with emergency medical needs regardless whether or not they are in the country legally or whether they are able to pay for the treatment. Congress in 2003 enacted an appropriation of $250 million per year (for 4 years) to help offset some of the costs due to use of this service by illegal aliens. This amount has been allocated among the states based upon estimates of the illegal alien population and data on the apprehension of illegal aliens in each state. This amount compensates only a fraction of the medical outlays. For Louisiana, the proposed payment in fiscal year 2004 is $119,235.

Educational Costs - In our study Breaking the Piggy Bank: How Illegal Immigration is Sending Schools into the Red, we estimated based on 2004 data that educational expenditures for illegal immigration were costing the Louisiana taxpayer $17.5 million dollars annually. This cost was partially for educating students who were themselves illegally in the country ($7.3million) and in part for the education of their siblings born in the United States to illegal residents ($10.2 million).

Projected Fiscal Costs - In 2006 we estimated that Louisiana taxpayers are currently burdened with annual costs of about $26 million because of illegal aliens residing in the state. That estimate was based on only expenditures for education, emergency medical care and incarceration. We projected that those costs will rise unless we gain control over our borders and our worksites. If a new amnesty and increases in immigrants and guest workers were enacted, as proposed by business and ethnic advocacy groups, we project that the cost to the state’s taxpayers for those same programs would rise to $43 million per year in 2010 and to $72 million per year in 2020.

LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS

You can view a listing of local immigration reform organizations here.

STATE CONGRESSIONAL DELEGATION VOTING RECORD

You can view the voting record of your representatives in Congress regarding immigration issues in our voting report section.

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Louisiana: Immigrant Admissions

Louisiana Immigrant Admissions
by Fiscal Year
1997 3,319
1998 2,193
1999 2,048
2000 3,016
2001 3,778
2002 3,199
2003 2,214
2004 2,998
2005 3,777
2006 2,693
Total 29,235

Recent immigrant admissions have jumped 35% since admissions just after adoption of the current immigration system in 1965. During the 1965-'69 period, annual admissions averaged about 2,205 immigrants. During the 2002-'06 period, admissions averaged about 2,975 immigrants.

The charts below show recent immigrant admissions and the cumulative immigrant admissions data since 1965. The number of annual admissions has ranged from 1,662 in FY'73 to 8,573 in FY'78. The cumulative total of admissions to Louisiana between fiscal years 1965 and 2005 was about 137,105 immigrants.



The data for fiscal years 1989-91 were artificially raised by the inclusion of former illegal aliens who were amnestied in 1986. According to INS data (1991) the number of amnesty applicants from Louisiana was 3,030 (1,967 pre-1982 residents and 1,063 agricultural workers).

The data for FY'95, FY'97-'99 and FY'03 were artificially low because the government did not issue green cards to all the eligible applicants for adjustment of status who were already in the United States. In those four years, new immigration could have registered as much as 30 percent higher, if the government had kept up with its workload.

Beginning with FY'01, the INS began to increase admissions as a result of reducing the size of the backlog of Section 245(i) adjustment of status cases, i.e., amnesty, for illegal aliens.

INS DATA BY NATIONALITY: FY'96 - FY'05

The table below furnishes INS data on the immigrants who have been admitted for residence in Louisiana since 1996 by nationality.

The INS data are for nationals of the countries with the largest number of immigrants admitted or adjusted to legal residence each year since 1996. The absence of data means that the total number of admissions to the United States by nationals of that country was not enough to merit detailed reporting in that year.

The nationalities may change each year, so the totals in some cases will not reflect all the immigrants of that nationality who have become legal immigrants in Louisiana during this period.

The Department of Homeland Security website is has detailed data on immigrant admissions since FY’03 by year and by country. That resource has data for all source countries. (See http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/data/dslpr.shtm).

 

Immigrant Admissions by Fiscal Year
Countries '96 '97 '98 '98 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 Total
Bangladesh 28 21 17 5 24 n/a 14 9 16 23 157
Canada 137 118 62 45 98 139 71 49 83 124 926
China* 264 216 120 152 265 257 224 149 172 321 2,140
Colombia 38 51 39 28 52 59 67 51 60 83 528
Cuba 79 145 83 97 56 107 90 65 103 70 895
D.R. 28 8 32 23 37 19 29 16 19 41 252
Ecuador 30 23 15 9 14 17 5 8 10 18 149
El Sal. 41 42 18 20 40 43 25 16 38 29 312
Germany - 56 44 24 48 45 52 31 44 46 390
Guatemala 73 51 53 47 74 80 81 61 85 102 707
Guyana 19 15 5 18 7 n/a 11 7 15 11 108
Haiti 31 16 14 9 13 26 19 34 27 11 200
Honduras - 328 276 144 208 n/a 190 153 175 231 1,705
India 336 208 129 164 211 200 195 171 215 318 2,147
Iran 40 26 20 25 48 23 36 16 26 52 312
Ireland - 2 1 3 3 n/a 5 3 8 8 33
Jamaica 14 17 4 24 16 22 12 16 21 32 178
Japan - 17 17 18 39 36 26 27 33 34 247
Korea 34 29 25 26 41 50 55 27 56 91 434
Mexico 178 98 132 121 194 247 197 133 176 214 1,690
Nicaragua - 66 48 46 154 111 70 27 43 24 589
Nigeria 85 39 47 44 49 n/a 46 48 53 72 483
Pakistan 64 66 60 84 91 103 92 30 64 98 752
Peru 26 31 22 14 14 22 22 16 26 40 233
Philippines 158 157 70 55 97 130 86 101 101 147 1,102
Poland 9 12 7 1 3 15 5 6 17 18 93
Sov. Union* 32 66 55 79 103 111 118 86 91 101 842
Trin. & Tob. - 9 17 12 32 n/a 29 12 31 17 159
U. Kingdom 86 90 48 54 94 119 81 42 61 95 770
Vietnam 899 611 201 198 335 519 379 225 316 342 4,025
Yugoslavia* 54 39 33 8 89 47 181 21 39 59 570
Other 1,309 646 479 451 467 1,231 686 558 774 905 7,506
Total 4,092 3,319 2,193 2,048 3,016 3,778 3,199 2,214 2,998 3,777 30,634

* China includes Hong Kong and Taiwan. The Soviet Union includes Russia and former parts of the USSR. Yugoslavia includes Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro-Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia. A dash (-) indicates that the data for that year was not published for that country in the Immigration Statistical Yearbook.

Immigrant settlement from the 31 countries above accounted for over three-quarters (75.5%) of all immigrant settlement and adjustment in Louisiana during this period. Immigrants from Vietnam accounted for almost one-eighth (13.1%) of the total. Immigrants from China and India, when added to Vietnamese immigrants, amounted to over one-quarter (27.1%) of all immigrant admissions during the period.

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Louisiana: Immigration Impact

State Population (2006 CB estimate) 4,287,768
State Population in 2000 4,469,529
Average Annual Change 2000-2006 -0.7%
Foreign Born Population 2006 3 133,225
Foreign Born Share 2006 3.1%
Foreign Born Population 2000 115,885
Foreign Born Share 2000 2.6%
Average Annual Change 2000-2006 2.4%
Population Projection 2010 4.6 million
Population Projection 2025 4.8 million
Population Projection 2050 (FAIR)  5.2 million

All numbers are from the U.S. Census Bureau unless otherwise noted. Additional Census Bureau, INS, and other immigration-related data are available for Louisiana.

Population Change

Louisiana’s population increased by 5.9 percent between 1990 and 2000, and decreased by 4.0 percent between 2000 and 2006, bringing Louisiana’s total population to approximately million.

FAIR estimates the illegal alien population in 2005 at 16,000. This number is 220% above the U.S. government estimate of 5,000 in 2000, and 6.6% above the 1990 estimate of 15,000.

According to an estimate of the Pew Hispanic Center, in 2005 there were an estimated 25,000 to 45,000 illegal aliens living in Louisiana. 2

FAIR estimates in 2004 that the taxpayers of Louisiana spent $17.5 million per year on illegal aliens and their children in public schools.3

FAIR’s projected annual fiscal costs to Louisiana taxpayers for emergency medical care, education and incarceration resulting if an amnesty is adopted for illegal residents.
Current 2010 2020
$26,000,000 $43,000,000 $72,000,000
Population Profile

Louisiana increased by six percent, or 249,000 people, between 1990 and 2000.

Louisiana’s immigrant population increased 33 percent during the 1990s.

Foreign-Born Population

Louisiana foreign-born population increased by 15 percent between 2000 and 2006. During that period Louisiana gained over 17,000 immigrants, bringing the total number of foreign-born residents in the state to over 133,000.

Environmental and Quality of Life Profile

Water: Between 2000 and 2006, the foreign-born population of Louisiana increased by 8 percent while the native-born population decreased by 4.4 percent.4According the U.S. Geological Survey, per-capita, water usage is 168.5 gallons per day.5This means that the net increase of about 9,300 foreign-born residents between 2000 and 2006 has contributed approximately 1.6 million gallons of increased water demand each day.

Aggravating the problem, Louisiana is prone to drought. Currently, according to the National Drought Mitigation Center, 63 percent of the state of Louisiana is currently abnormally dry, and 9.4 percent of the state is in moderate drought.6

In southeastern Louisiana water is drawn heavily from the Amite aquifer and the “2,800-foot” sand aquifer. In 2005, 18 million gallons of water were being drawn per day from the Amite aquifer and 32 million each day from the “2,800-foot” sand aquifer. Over the last twenty years, sharp declines in groundwater levels have been consistently noted. In some areas water levels have declined by forty feet.7 Exacerbated by population growth, Louisiana continues to tap a water resource that is running dry.

Traffic: As population growth put more traffic on the roads, the average commute for Louisiana residents increased 15 percent during the 1990s, from 22 minutes to 26 minutes in 2000.8, 9 29 percent of Louisiana's major urban roads are congested. 54 percent of Louisiana's major roads are in poor or mediocre condition. Vehicle travel on Louisiana's highways increased 17 percent from 1990 to 2003.Driving on roads in need of repair costs Louisiana motorists $1.3 billion a year in extra vehicle repairs and operating costs --- $425 per motorist. Congestion in the New Orleans metropolitan area costs commuters $299 per person per year in excess fuel and lost time. 10

2002, the Road Information Project rated Louisiana’s roads the second-worst in the country, noting that one in every three of the state’s urban roads are choked by more traffic than they were designed to handle.11 In New Orleans the annual delay experienced by travelers is 18 hours, 12 and 14 percent of commuters have a commute that is 45 minutes or more, ranking 20th in the U.S. 13

Crowded housing: In 2005 over 48,000 Louisiana households were defined by housing authorities as crowded or severely crowded.14 Studies show that a rise in crowded housing often correlates with an increase in the number of foreign-born.15, 16

Disappearing open space: Each year, Louisiana loses 27,000 acres of open space and farmland due to development.17 In Baton Rouge, developers are now turning to 30-lot developments instead of the 300-lot developments common several years ago because there simply aren’t any large enough tracts of land left to develop.18 53 percent of Louisiana’s 64 percent have high-quality farmland in danger from development, according to American Farmland Trust.19

A study of urban sprawl between 1970 and 1990 that calculated the impact of population increase and per capita land use found that 100.9 square miles of additional land were consumed by urban sprawl in the Baton Rouge metropolitan area, and 48.8 percent of that sprawl was attributable to population increase. In the New Orleans metro area, sprawl consumed an additional 86.1 square miles and population increase accounted for 20.4 percent of the increase. 20

Sprawl: Rapid development and ground coverage in St. Tammany has led to increased problems with flooding because the water caused by the area’s wet climate no longer has sufficient drainage.21 Mayors in East Baton Rouge, which in 2001 was $500 million behind in sewer projects and $1.5 million behind in needed road expansions, complain that population growth has outstripped the ability to pay for infrastructure upgrades.22 In 2002, growing concerns about sprawl and its encroachment on fragile wetlands drove St. Bernard to pass its first regulations to limit it.23,24 Jefferson is expected to have to spend up to $1 billion dollars to overhaul its sewer system to accommodate new growth.25

Air pollution: As population increases, pollution usually rises along with it. In 2003, the Environmental Protection Agency rated Baton Rouge’s air pollution “severe,” worsening from its rating of “serious” in 1999.26/ In 2002, Louisiana ranked eleventh for toxic pollution released into the air, water, and ground.27

West Baton Rouge, Jefferson, Iberville, and East Baton Rouge all received a grade of “F” from the American Lung Association their “State of the Air 2005” report. 28

Solid Waste: Louisiana generates 1.10 tons of solid waste per capita. 29

Poverty: In 2005 17.7 percent of immigrants in Louisiana had incomes below the poverty level, an increase of 2.7 since 2000. Among non-citizens, the rate climbs to 22.5 percent. 30

Education: Between 1990 and 2000, Louisiana’s elementary and high school enrollment increased 1 percent. In one Mandeville high school, enrollment grew 10 percent in a single year (2001 to 2002) and is now 54 percent over capacity, with 2,000 students in a facility designed for 1,300. Students have to share lockers and attend gym classes in the parking lot.31

Endnotes:

  1. FAIR estimate based on the 2006 Current Population Survey.
  2. "Estimates of the Unauthorized Migrant Population for States based on the March 2005 CPS", Pew Hispanic Center
  3. Martin, Jack. “Breaking the Piggy Bank: How Illegal Immigration is Sending Schools into the Red,” A Report by the Federation for American Immigration Reform.
  4. U.S. Census Bureau 2006.
  5. U.S. Geological Survey 2000.
  6.  U.S. Drought Monitor. July 2008.
  7. Robert B. Fendick, Jr., “Louisiana Ground-Water Map No. 22: Generalized Potentiometric Surface of the Amite Aquifer and the “2,800-Foot” Sand of the Baton Rouge Area in Southeastern Louisiana,” U.S. Geological Survey, August 2006.
  8. Table DP-1-4, Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000,” Census 2000, U.S. Census Bureau.
  9. “Table DP-1-4, Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 1990,” 1990 Census, U.S. Census Bureau.
  10. Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers.
  11. Ibid.
  12. Ed Anderson, “Louisiana Roads are Rated Nation’s 2nd-worst,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, May 20, 2002.
  13. “U.S. Population 2007 Data Sheet,” Population Reference Bureau.
  14. Selected Housing Characteristics: 2005 Data Set - 2005 American Community Survey, American Fact Finder, U.S. Census Bureau.
  15. Haya El Nasser, “U.S. Neighborhoods Grow More Crowded,” USA Today, July 7, 2002.
  16. Randy Capps, “Hardship Among Children of Immigrants: Findings from the 1999 National Survey of America’s Families,” Urban Institute, 2001.
  17. “State Rankings by Acreage and Rate of Non-Federal Land Developed,” Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
  18. Chad Calder, “Residential and Commercial Construction Lead Area Economic Indicators,” Baton Rouge Advocate, April 27, 2003.
  19. “Farming on the Edge: Sprawling Development Threatens America’s Farmland,” American Farmland Trust, 2002.
  20. Beck, Roy and Leon Kolankiewicz, “Weighing Sprawl Factors in Large U.S. Cities,” NumbersUSA, March 2001.
  21. Ann Barks, “Tammany is Growing, and So are Residents’ Concerns,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, June 22, 2002
  22. Amy Wold, “Parishes Jump in Population,” Baton Rouge Advocate, March 10, 2001.
  23. Karen Turni Bazile, “Parish May Increase Minimum Lot Size; Rules to Apply in Rural Areas,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, March 5, 2002.
  24. Aaron Kuriloff, “Small, Historic Towns Try to Manage Their Growing Pains,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, December 31, 2001.
  25. Manuel Torres, “Sewer Needs are Massive, Report Finds,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, April 19, 2002.
  26. Mark Schleifstein, “Baton Rouge Air Quality is Rated 'Severe’,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, February 28, 2003.
  27. Mike Dunne, “La. High in Release of Toxic Wastes,” Baton Rouge Advocate, May 24, 2002.
  28. “State of the Air 2005: Louisiana”, American Lung Association.
  29. “Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers.
  30. “Louisiana State Factsheet,” Migration Information Source, Migration Policy Institute.
  31. Michelle Krupa, “Parents Seek Fix for Crowded Classrooms,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, December 7, 2002.

 

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