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Kentucky

Summary Demographic State Data (and Source)
Population (2008 CB est.):	4,269,245
Population (2000 Census):	4,041,769
Foreign-Born Population (2008 FAIR est.):	122,090
Foreign-Born Population (2007 Census):	80,271
Share Foreign-Born (2008):	2.9%
Share Foreign-Born (2000):	2.0%
Immigrant Stock (2000 CB est.):	180,000
Share Immigrant Stock (2000 est.):	4.5%
Naturalized U.S. Citizens (2006 CB est.):	40,936
Share Naturalized (2006):	36.6%
Legal Immigrant Admission (DHS 1997-2006):	35,146
Refugee Admission (DHS 1997-2006)	12,061
Illegal Alien Population (2008 FAIR est.):	45,000
Costs of Illegal Aliens (2005 FAIR)	$67,000,000
Projected 2050 Population (2006 FAIR)	5,272,842

While Kentucky hasn't yet suffered the explosive population growth that other parts of the south have, demographic indicators show that it's headed in that direction. Dramatic population growth projections in Fayette and twelve surrounding counties - 45 percent by 2030, according to a state demographer - have local leaders concerned that the region can't handle the influx. Anderson, Garrad, and Scott counties are expected to more than double their populations by 2030. No one knows how the state will deliver water to the newcomers, and no major new roads have been planned to accommodate the population increase.

Kentucky: General Data

STATE POPULATION

Using the Current Population Survey, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that in July 2008 Kentucky’s population had increased to 4,269,245 residents, i.e., an annual average increase of about 27,405 residents since 2000. That is a rate of increase of about 0.7 percent per year.

NET INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION (NIM)

Based on the Current Population Survey, the Census Bureau estimated that between the 2000 Census and July 2008 the state’s population increased by about 31,390 residents from net international migration (more foreign-born arriving than leaving). That was an annual average increase of about 3,780 residents, i.e., more than one-eighth (13.8%) of the total increase (not including the children born to the immigrants after their arrival in the United States).

The 2000 Census found 4,041,769 persons resident in Kentucky. This was an increase of 356,473 persons above the 1990 Census. The rate of increase (9.7%) was slightly below the median rate in the country.

The 2000 population is about 47,000 more persons than the Census Bureau had expected to find in the state in 2000 when it issued its most recent state population projections in 1996. The significance of this is that the Census Bureau has concluded that much of the shortfall in their population estimates during the 1990s was due to an underestimation of the illegal alien population.

Kentucky had the 33rd greatest rate of population increase in the country between 1960-2000.

From 1980 to 1990, the population of the state increased by 0.7 percent (from 3,660,324 to 3,685,298 residents).

FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION

Based on the American Community Survey (ACS), the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the foreign-born population of Kentucky was 111,635 persons in 2006. The ACS is a large-scale, continuous sampling process designed to replace the need for a long-form in the 2010 Census. However, because the ACS does not have the same follow-up procedures as the Census to include non-respondents, it may underestimate the foreign-born population.

FAIR estimates that the foreign-born population of Kentucky was about 122,090 residents in July 2008. This meant a foreign-born population share of 2.9 percent. The amount of change since the 2000 Census indicates an average annual rate of increase in the foreign-born population of about 5,040 people, which is more than one-sixth (18.4%) of the state’s annual average population increase. Since 2000, the foreign-born population has increased by 52.1 percent compared to a 4.7 percent increase in the native-born population.

Immigration also contributes to population growth through the children born to immigrants in this country. Nationally the share of births to the foreign-born is about double their share of the population. A 5.8 percent share of the state’s current births is large enough to account for about 3,180 births a year. Combining the increase in the foreign-born population and estimated immigrant births suggests that immigration may account for nearly 8,200 persons added to the state’s population annually, i.e., three-tenths (30%) of the state’s overall population increase.

The 2000 Census found that 58.8 percent of Kentucky's foreign-born population had arrived in the state since 1990. This demonstrates the effects of the current mass immigration, and it is a much higher share than the national average (43.7%).

An indicator of the change in the immigrant population may be seen in data on the share of the population that speaks a language other than English at home. Between 1990 and 2000 the share of non-English speakers at home in Kentucky increased by two-fifths, from 2.5 percent to 3.5 percent. Fewer than two-fifths (39.7%) of those who said they spoke a language other than English at home in 2000 also said they spoke English less than very well.

Speakers of Foreign Languages (at home in Kentucky in the 2000 Census)
Spanish	70,060
German	17,900
French	12,445
Chinese	3,980
Japanese	3,775
Korean	3,730
Arabic	3,165
Vietnamese	3,020
Serbocroatian	2,755
Russian	2,160
(Source: Census Bureau report: Language Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over, April 2004)

The Census Bureau’s American Community Survey found that in 2006, the state’s foreign born population was 111,724 residents, an increase of 39.2 percent since 2000. In comparison, the foreign-born population changed from 34,119 to 80,271 residents between 1990 and 2000, an increase of 135.3 percent.

The ten countries above constituted approximately three fifths (61.9%) of the foreign-born population in Kentucky in 2006. Mexico accounted for almost a quarter (24.8%) alone.

Foreign-Born Change Since 1990: Top Ten Countries 1990-2006
Rank	Country	1990		Country	2000		Country	2006
1	Germany	5,118		Mexico	15,511		Mexico	27,669
2	Germany	2,281		Germany	6,658		India	7,128
3	Korea	2,082		India	4,983		Germany	5,584
4	Canada	2,043		China	3,916		Cuba	5,203
5	Japan	1,787		Korea	3,734		China	4,671
6	India	1,554		Canada	3,464		Japan	4,361
7	Philipines	1,271		United Kingdom	3,217		Canada	4,050
8	Vietnam	1,215		Yugoslavia	3,214		.El Salvador	3,901
9	China	1,210		Japan	3,039		Vietnam	3,639
10	Mexico	893		Vietnam	2,702		Korea	2,984
	All Others	14,665		All Others	29,833		All Others	42,534
	Total	34,119		Total	80,271		Total	69,190

Between the 2000 Census and the Census Bureau estimate for 2006, the foreign-born population in Kentucky increased by nearly 31,500 persons (39.2%). Latin America (including Mexico) accounted for an increase of nearly 16,100 immigrants (62.8%). Mexico alone accounted for an increase of nearly 12,200 additional immigrants (up 78.4%). Immigrants from Asia rose by 30.1% (about 8,200 people). Immigrants from Africa more than doubled (nearly 3,600 persons). The immigrant population from Europe and Canada increased by nearly 3,600 persons (14.8%).

Connect To Legal Immigration Admission Data

THE IMMIGRANT STOCK

The Census Bureau estimated that there were about 180,000 people in Kentucky in 1997 who were "immigrant stock." That is a term that refers to immigrants and their children born here after their arrival. Based on that estimate and the population of 4,041,769 residents, the immigrant stock share of the state's population was 4.5 percent.

As the graph below shows, the amount of Kentucky’s population change due to the increase in the foreign stock is rising rapidly. Over the past 34 years the new immigrants and children born to them have added about 110,000 people to the population. Over this period, the increase in the foreign stock has accounted for 11.9 percent of the state’s population increase.

NATURALIZATION

Data from the 2006 American Community Survey indicate that 40,936 residents, or 36.6 percent, of the foreign-born population in Kentucky were citizens, compared to 27,569 residents, or 34.3 percent, in 2000.

Nationally, 40.3 percent of the foreign-born population was citizens in 2000, and 42.0 percent in 2006.

Refugee Settlement
Kentucky has received 12,061 refugees over the most recent ten fiscal years (FY'97-'06) including 1,045 persons in FY’06.

Under the Office of Refugee Resettlement's (HHS/ORR) assistance funding for FY'02 $1,129,133 is available for refugee employment training and other services programs in Kentucky based on a three-year refugee settlement program covering 4,499 refugees (an average of $251 per refugee). This allocation does not include a larger share (55%) of funding programs for communities heavily affected by recent Cuban and Haitian entrants, communities with refugees whose cultural differences make assimilation especially difficult, communities impacted by federal welfare reform changes, educational support to schools with significant refugee students, and discretionary grants. ORR grants for FY’05 and FY’06 respectively were $2,002,241 and $2,392,979.

LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENCY STUDENTS

Data are not available nationally on immigrant students (either legally or illegally resident in the United States) who are enrolled in primary and secondary schools (K-12). However, many of these students are enrolled in Limited English Proficiency/English Language Learning (LEP/ELL) instruction programs. Many may be U.S.-born, but the majority of these students may be assumed to be either immigrants or the children of immigrants, with the exception being areas with native Americans who speak a native language other than English.

In Kentucky, overall enrollment in 2002 (630,461) was 16 percent below enrollment in 1993. By contrast, LEP enrollment (6,017 - one percent of all enrollment) was 246 percent higher than a decade earlier.

Data on enrollment in LEP/ELL programs are collected by the federal government from school systems that receive Title VII funds for these special instruction programs. The data on LEP/ELL enrollment are understated because data from private schools that do not apply for Title VII assistance are sketchy.

FOREIGN STUDENTS

The 2006/07 annual report of the Institute of International Education (IIE) lists the number of foreign students attending post-secondary school in Kentucky as 5,156. One school in Kentucky is listed as having a major concentration of these students: University of Kentucky had enrollment of 1,373 foreign students, 5.1% of total enrollment. Below, a chart illustrates the sharp increase of foreign students attending school in Kentucky from 1960-2000.

For information on foreign student issues see: Foreign Students in the United States.

ILLEGAL ALIENS

FAIR Estimate - FAIR estimates the state’s illegal alien population as of 2008 is as many as 45,000 persons. This is part of an overall estimate of the U.S. illegal alien population of about 13 million persons.

INS/DHS Estimate - The INS (now dissolved into the Dept. of Homeland Security) estimated in February 2003 that the resident illegal population in Kentucy was 15,000 as of January 2000. This number was 9,000 higher than the INS' 1996 estimate.

Other Estimates - The Pew Hispanic Center estimates the illegal alien population of the state at 30,000 to 60,000 as of 2005.

COSTS OF ILLEGAL ALIENS

Incarceration Costs - Kentucky has received partial compensation under the federal State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP) that was established in 1994 to compensate the states and local jurisdictions for incarceration of "undocumented," aliens who are serving time for a felony conviction or at least two misdemeanors.

The recent SCAAP amounts that Kentucky has received were:

The amount of SCAAP awards has been declining in both total distributions and even more as a share of the state’s expenses. In FY’99 the state received 38.6% of its costs for 38 prisoner years of detention. By FY’02, the state’s reported illegal alien detention had nearly doubled to 64 prisoner years, while compensation decreased by 21 percent.

Medical Costs - Under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act, hospitals with emergency rooms are required to treat and stabilize patients with emergency medical needs regardless whether or not they are in the country legally or whether they are able to pay for the treatment. Congress in 2003 enacted an appropriation of $250 million per year (for 4 years) to help offset some of the costs due to use of this service by illegal aliens. This amount has been allocated among the states based upon estimates of the illegal alien population and data on the apprehension of illegal aliens in each state. This amount compensates only a fraction of the medical outlays. For Kentucky, the proposed payment in fiscal year 2004 is $357,704.

Educational Costs In our study Breaking the Piggy Bank: How Illegal Immigration is Sending Schools into the Red, we estimated based on 2004 data that educational expenditures for illegal immigration were costing the Kentucky taxpayer $51.7 million dollars annually. This cost was partially for educating students who were themselves illegally in the country ($21.5million) and in part for the education of their siblings born in the United States to illegal residents ($30.1 million).

Projected Fiscal Costs - In 2006 we estimated that Kentucky taxpayers are currently burdened with annual costs of about $67 million because of illegal aliens residing in the state. That estimate was based on only expenditures for education, emergency medical care and incarceration. We projected that those costs will rise unless we gain control over our borders and our worksites. If a new amnesty and increases in immigrants and guest workers were enacted, as proposed by business and ethnic advocacy groups, we project that the cost to the state’s taxpayers for those same programs would rise to $117 million per year in 2010 and to $207 million per year in 2020.

STATE CONGRESSIONAL DELEGATION VOTING RECORD

You can view the voting record of your representatives in Congress regarding immigration issues in our voting report section.

LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS

You can view a listing of local immigration reform organizations here.

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Kentucky: Immigrant Admissions

Kentucky Immigrant Admissions by Fiscal Year
1997	1,939
1998	2,017
1999	1,537
2000	2,989
2001	4,548
2002	4,681
2003	3,038
2004	3,624
2005	5,267
2006	5,506
Total	35,146

Recent immigrant admissions have jumped 465% since admissions just after adoption of the current immigration system in 1965. During the 1965-'69 period, annual admissions averaged about 785 immigrants. During the 2002-'06 period, admissions averaged about 4,425 immigrants.

The charts below show recent immigrant admissions and the cumulative immigrant admissions data since 1965. The number of annual admissions has ranged from 631 in FY'69 to 5,506 in FY'06. The cumulative total of admissions to Kentucky between fiscal years 1965 and 2006 was 75,350 immigrants.

The data for fiscal years 1989-91 were artificially raised by the inclusion of former illegal aliens who were amnestied in 1986. According to INS data (1991) the number of amnesty applicants from Kentucky was 695 (421 pre-1982 residents and 274 agricultural workers).

The data for FY'95, FY'97-'99 and FY'03 were artificially low because the government did not issue green cards to all the eligible applicants for adjustment of status who were already in the United States. In those four years, new immigration could have registered as much as 30 percent higher, if the government had kept up with its workload.

Beginning with FY'01, the INS began to increase admissions as a result of reducing the size of the backlog of Section 245(i) adjustment of status cases, i.e., amnesty, for illegal aliens.

INS DATA BY NATIONALITY: FY'96 - FY'05

The table below furnishes INS data on the immigrants who have been admitted for residence in Kentucy since 1996 by nationality.

The INS data are for nationals of the countries with the largest number of immigrants admitted or adjusted to legal residence each year since 1996. The absence of data means that the total number of admissions to the United States by nationals of that country was not enough to merit detailed reporting in that year.

The nationalities may change each year, so the totals in some cases will not reflect all the immigrants of that nationality who have become legal immigrants in Louisiana during this period.

The Department of Homeland Security website is has detailed data on immigrant admissions since FY’03 by year and by country. That resource has data for all source countries. (See http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/data/dslpr.shtm).

 

Immigrant Admissions by Fiscal Year
Countries	'96	'97	'98	'98	'00	'01	'02	'03	'04	'05	Total
Bangladesh	12	15	16	19	16	n/a	18	6	10	24	136
Canada	132	121	80	49	61	175	143	79	85	168	1,093
China*	149	146	93	95	187	262	235	209	202	442	2,020
Colombia	10	17	9	6	9	46	29	37	26	42	231
Cuba	16	101	243	213	578	389	506	331	468	318	3,163
D.R.	4	9	5	4	3	15	12	11	12	12	87
Ecuador	7	6	3	11	5	20	10	5	13	20	100
El Sal.	10	13	8	8	3	14	23	11	20	33	143
Germany	n/a	49	53	27	57	129	120	72	54	89	650
Guatemala	23	19	26	11	52	51	85	81	111	145	604
Guyana	9	3	2	2	1	n/a	1	5	3	6	32
Haiti	32	10	6	5	8	7	29	22	18	11	148
Honduras	n/a	8	7	8	13	n/a	14	6	11	12	79
India	162	152	119	119	149	289	275	248	393	511	2,417
Iran	41	44	46	33	32	71	46	42	28	62	445
Ireland	n/a	11	9	2	5	n/a	8	5	13	24	77
Jamaica	9	12	7	9	5	19	7	12	9	14	103
Japan	n/a	27	35	11	30	63	47	49	63	82	407
Korea	57	58	32	41	54	78	63	59	68	110	620
Mexico	98	145	141	113	164	260	441	232	197	288	2,079
Nicaragua	n/a	3	2	4	9	19	10	8	4	5	64
Nigeria	12	22	17	10	14	n/a	20	23	27	32	177
Pakistan	21	40	23	19	25	66	58	32	44	69	397
Peru	10	8	12	11	11	15	11	26	24	51	179
Philippines	90	69	50	41	88	114	121	150	174	228	1,125
Poland	14	8	7	3	3	12	19	8	21	12	107
Sov. Union*	109	110	116	102	170	163	244	194	120	215	1,543
Trin. & Tob.	n/a	8	7	20	4	n/a	7	6	10	6	68
U. Kingdom	69	45	36	33	44	117	94	82	71	87	678
Vietnam	150	157	195	73	144	181	101	81	59	127	1,268
Yugoslavia*	183	133	237	117	549	864	1,094	210	448	723	4,558
Other	590	370	375	318	496	1,109	790	696	818	1,299	6,861
Total	2,019	1,939	2,017	1,537	2,989	4,548	4,681	3,038	3,624	5,267	31,659

 

* China includes Hong Kong and Taiwan. The Soviet Union includes Russia and former parts of the USSR. Yugoslavia includes Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro-Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia.A dash (-) indicates that the data for that year was not published for that country in the Immigration Statistical Yearbook.

Immigrant settlement from the 31 countries above accounted for nearly four-fifths (78.3%) of all immigrant settlement and adjustment in Kentucky during this period. Immigrants from former Yugoslavia, Cuba, China, Vietnam, India and Mexico accounted for nearly half (49.0%) of all admissions. 

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Kentucky : Poll Data

A Rasmussen Report conducted on November 01, 2007 of 500 Likely Voters in Kentucky found

• 81% oppose making drivers’ licenses available to illegal immigrants.
• 81% said they favor police officers automatically checking legal status during traffic stops, and 67% said if someone stopped turns out to be illegal, they should be deported
• 88% believe it is important for the government to improve its enforcement of the borders and reduce illegal immigration (76% “very important” and 14% “somewhat important”).

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Kentucky: Immigration Impact

State Population (2006 CB estimate)	4,206,074
State Population in 2000	4,049,260
Average Annual Change 2000-2006	0.6%
Foreign Born Population 2006 1	107,215
Foreign Born Share 2006	2.5%
Foreign Born Population 2000	80,271
Foreign Born Share 2000	2.0%
Average Annual Change 2000-2006	5.3%
Population Projection 2010	4.4 million
Population Projection 2025	4.5 million
Population Projection 2050 (FAIR)	5.2 million

All numbers are from the U.S. Census Bureau unless otherwise noted. Additional Census Bureau, INS, and other immigration-related data are available for Kentucky.

Population Change

Kentucky population increased by 9.9 percent between 1990 and 2000, and by 3.9 percent between 2000 and 2006, bringing Kentucky’s total population to approximately 4.2 million.

Approximately 17.2 percent of the total population increase between 2000 and 2006 in Kentucky was directly attributable to immigrants.

FAIR estimates the illegal alien population in 2005 at 27,000. This number is 80 percent above the U.S. government estimate of 15,000 in 2000, and 575 percent above the 1990 estimate of 4,000.

According to an estimate of the Pew Hispanic Center, in 2005 there were an estimated 30,000 to 60,000 illegal aliens living in Kentucky.²

FAIR estimates in 2004 that the taxpayers of Kentucky spent $51.6 million per year on illegal aliens and their children in public schools.³

Population Profile

While Kentucky hasn’t yet suffered the explosive population growth that other parts of the south have, demographic indicators show that it’s headed in that direction. Dramatic population growth projections in Fayette and twelve surrounding counties—45 percent by 2030, according to a state demographer—have local leaders concerned that the region can’t handle the influx. Anderson, Garrad, and Scott counties are expected to more than double their populations by 2030. No one knows how the state will deliver water to the newcomers, and no major new roads have been planned to accommodate the population increase.⁴

Kentucky’s foreign-born population more than doubled during the 1990s, increasing by 135 percent, the tenth highest percent increase in the country.

Foreign-Born Population

Kentucky foreign-born population increased by 33.6 percent between 2000 and 2006. During that period Kentucky gained over 26,000 immigrants, bringing the total number of foreign-born residents in the state to over 107,000.

Environmental and Quality of Life Profile

Schools: Between 1990 and 2000, Kentucky’s elementary and high school enrollment increased by four percent. In Oldham County, where population increased 39 percent in the last decade, school officials are worried that already crowded classrooms won’t be able to handle the county’s ballooning population. The school district is already at 109 percent capacity, and the school superintendent has asked the planning commission to temporarily stop approving new residential developments.⁵At South Oldham High School, which is 30 percent over capacity, administrators have had to increase the amount of time between periods, because the hallways are so packed that students were unable to make their way to class on time.⁶

Poverty: 13.9 percent of immigrants in Kentucky are living in poverty, an increase of 10.4 percent since 2000. Among foreign-born non-citizens, the poverty rate jumps to 18 percent.⁷

Traffic: As population growth put more traffic on the roads, the average commute for Kentucky residents increased 14 percent during the 1990s, to 24 minutes in 2000. ^{8, 9} 39 percent of Kentucky's major urban roads are congested and 24 percent of Kentucky's major roads are in poor or mediocre condition. Vehicle travel on Kentucky's highways increased 39 percent from 1990 to 2003.Driving on roads in need of repair costs Kentucky motorists $514 million a year in extra vehicle repairs and operating costs — $184 per motorist. Congestion in the Louisville area costs commuters $672 per person per year in excess fuel and lost time. ¹⁰

In the Kansas City, MO Kansas area, travelers experience an annual delay of 17 hours.¹¹ 11 percent of commuters in Kentucky have a commute time that is at least 45 minutes. ¹²

Disappearing Open Space: Each year, Kentucky loses 47,400 acres due to development.¹³

Air Quality: 11 of Kentucky’s 120 counties received a grade of “F” from The American Lung Associations “State of the Air 2005” report. 7 other counties received a grade of “D”, and 7 counties received a grade of “C”. ¹⁴

A study of urban sprawl between 1970 and 1990 that calculated the impact of population increase and per capita land use found that 39.4 square miles of additional land were consumed by urban sprawl in the Wichita metropolitan area, and 35.8 percent of that sprawl was attributable to population increase. ¹⁵

Crowded Housing: In 2005 over 25, 000 Kentucky households are defined as crowded or severely crowded by housing authorities.¹⁶ Studies show that a rise in crowded housing often correlates with an increase in the number of foreign-born.^{17, 18}

Solid Waste: Kentucky generates 1.34 tons of solid waste per capital.¹⁹

Endnotes:

1. FAIR estimate based on the 2006 Current Population Survey "Estimates of the Unauthorized Migrant Population"
2. States based on the March 2005 CPS", Pew Hispanic Center.
3. Martin, Jack. “Breaking the Piggy Bank: How Illegal Immigration is Sending Schools into the Red,” A Report by the Federation for American Immigration Reform.
4. "Projected Growth in Central Kentucky Concerns Leaders," Associated Press, September 30, 2002.
5. "School Officials Want Residential Growth Slowed,” Associated Press, November 16, 2001.
6. Mary Meehan, "South Oldham High Hundreds of Students Over Its Limit,” Herald-Leader, February 12, 2002.
7. Kentucky State Factsheet,” Migration Information Source, Migration Policy Institute.
8. “Table DP-1-4, Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000,” Census 2000, U.S. Census Bureau.
9. “Table DP-1-4, Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 1990,” 1990 Census, U.S. Census Bureau.
10. Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers.
11. "The 2005 Urban Mobility Report", Texas Transportation Institute.
12. “U.S. Population 2007 Data Sheet,” Population Reference Bureau.
13. “State Rankings by Acreage and Rate of Non-federal Land Developed,” Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
14. “State of the Air 2005: Kentucky”, American Lung Association.
15. Beck, Roy and Leon Kolankiewicz, “Weighing Sprawl Factors in Large U.S. Cities,” NumbersUSA, March 2001.
16. Selected Housing Characteristics: 2005 Data Set - 2005 American Community Survey, American Fact Finder, U.S. Census Bureau.
17. Haya El Nasser, “U.S. Neighborhoods Grow More Crowded,” USA Today, July 7, 2002.
18. Randy Capps, “Hardship Among Children of Immigrants: Findings from the 1999 National Survey of America’s Families,” Urban Institute, 2001.
19. Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers.

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