Indiana
| Summary Demographic State Data (and Source) | |
|---|---|
| Population (2008 CB est.): | 6,376,792 |
| Population (2000 Census): | 6,080,485 |
| Foreign-Born Population (2008 FAIR est.): | 283,120 |
| Foreign-Born Population (2000 Census): | 186,534 |
| Share Foreign-Born (2008 FAIR est.): | 4.4% |
| Share Foreign-Born (2000): | 3.1% |
| Immigrant Stock (2000 CB est.): | 370,000 |
| Share Immigrant Stock (2000 est.): | 6.1% |
| Naturalized U.S. Citizens (2006 Census): | 92,773 |
| Share Naturalized (2006): | 35.2% |
| Legal Immigrant Admission (DHS 1997-2006): | 54,631 |
| Refugee Admission (DHS 1997-2006): | 4,659 |
| Illegal Alien Population (2008 FAIR est.): | 110,000 |
| Costs of Illegal Aliens (2005 FAIR) | $259,000,000 |
| Projected 2050 Population (2006 FAIR) | 8,072,680 |
Indiana's immigrant population almost doubled during the 1990's, accounting for 17 percent of the state's overall population increase during the decade. Demonstrating the impact of recent policies of mass immigration, 52 percent of Indiana's immigrant population has arrived in the state since 1990.
Indiana : Extended Immigration Data
STATE POPULATION
Using the Current Population Survey, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that in July 2008 Indiana’s population had increased to 6,376,792 residents, i.e., an annual average increase of about 35,700 residents since 2000. That is a rate of increase of about 0.6 percent per year.
NET INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION (NIM)
Based on the Current Population Survey, the Census Bureau estimated that between the 2000 Census and July 2008 the state’s population increased by about 71,000 residents from net international migration (more foreign-born arriving than leaving). That was an annual average increase of about 8,555 residents, i.e., nearly one-fourth (24%) of the total increase (not including the children born to the immigrants after their arrival in the United States).
The 2000 Census found 6,080,485 persons resident in Indiana. This was an increase of 536,326 persons above the 1990 Census. The amount of increase was the 18th highest in the country, however the rate of increase (9.7%) was not among the 25 fastest increasing population in the country.
The 2000 population is about 35,000 more persons than the Census Bureau had expected to find in the state in 2000 when it issued its most recent state population projections in 1996. The significance of this is that the Census Bureau has concluded that much of the shortfall in their population estimates during the 1990s was due to an underestimation of the illegal alien population.
The population of Indiana rose by one percent from 1980 to 1990 (from 5,489,000 to 5,544,159).
FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION
Based on the American Community Survey (ACS), the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the foreign-born population of Indiana was 258,974 persons in 2006. The ACS is a large-scale, continuous sampling process designed to replace the need for a long-form in the 2010 Census. However, because the ACS does not have the same follow-up procedures as the Census to include non-respondents, it may underestimate the foreign-born population.
FAIR estimates that the foreign-born population of Indiana was about 283,120 residents in July 2008. This meant a foreign-born population share of 4.4 percent. The amount of change since the 2000 Census indicates an average annual rate of increase in the foreign-born population of about 11,635 people, which is nearly one-third (32.6%) of the state’s annual average population increase. Since 2000, the foreign-born population has increased by 51.8 percent compared to a 3.4 percent increase in the native-born population.
Immigration also contributes to population growth through the children born to immigrants in this country. Nationally the share of births to the foreign-born is about double their share of the population. An 8.8 percent share of the state’s current births is large enough to account for about 7,720 births a year. Combining the increase in the foreign-born population and estimated immigrant births suggests that immigration may account for nearly 19,360 persons added to the state’s population annually, i.e., more than half (54.2%) of the state’s overall population increase.
The 2000 Census found that 52.2 percent of Indiana's foreign-born population had arrived in the state since 1990. This demonstrates the effects of the current mass immigration, and it is a much higher share than the national average (43.7%).
An indicator of the change in the immigrant population may be seen in data on the share of the population that speaks a language other than English at home. Between 1990 and 2000 the share of non-English speakers at home in Indiana increased by more than half, from 4.8 percent to 7.6 percent. Less than half (39.6%) of those who said they spoke a language other than English at home in 2000 also said they spoke English less than very well.
| Speakers of Foreign Languages (at home in Indiana in the 2000 Census) | |
| Spanish | 185,555 |
| German | 44,130 |
| French | 17,930 |
| Chinese | 8,085 |
| Pennsylvania Dutch | 7,875 |
| Polish | 7,830 |
| Dutch | 7,670 |
| Japanese | 5,340 |
| Arabic | 5,340 |
| Korean | 5,030 |
| (Source: Census Bureau report: Language Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over, April 2004) | |
The Census Bureau’s American Community Survey found that in 2006, the foreign born population was 263,607 residents, an increase of 41.3 percent since 2000. In comparison, the foreign-born population changed from 94,263 to 186,534 residents between 1990 and 2000, an increase of 97.9 percent.
The ten countries below constituted 62.7% of the foreign-born population in Indiana in 2006. Mexico accounted for nearly two fifths (39%) alone.
| Foreign-Born Change Since 1990: Top Ten Countries 1990-2006 | ||||||||
| Rank | Country | 1990 | Country | 2000 | Country | 2006 | ||
| 1 | Mexico | 10,294 | Mexico | 62,113 | Mexico | 102,777 | ||
| 2 | Germany | 8,866 | Germany | 9,823 | India | 13,482 | ||
| 3 | United Kingdom | 6,498 | India | 9,089 | China | 12,220 | ||
| 4 | Canada | 5,715 | China | 8,660 | Germany | 7,308 | ||
| 5 | India | 4,590 | Canada | 7,756 | Korea | 7,121 | ||
| 6 | Yugoslavia | 3,594 | United Kingdom | 7,083 | Philippines | 6,857 | ||
| 7 | Japan | 3,490 | Korea | 6,226 | Canada | 6,017 | ||
| 8 | Korea | 3,442 | Philippines | 5,501 | El Salvador | 5,847 | ||
| 9 | Poland | 3,009 | Vietnam | 4,078 | Vietnam | 4,949 | ||
| 10 | Philippines | 2,683 | Japan | 4,009 | Japan | 4,168 | ||
| All Other | 42,082 | All Others | 62,196 | All Others | 98,271 | |||
| Total | 94,263 | Total | 186,534 | Total | 263,607 | |||
Between the 2000 Census and the Census Bureau estimate for 2006, the foreign-born population in Indiana increased by nearly 77,100 persons (41.3%). Latin America (including Mexico) accounted for an increase of nearly 53,100 immigrants (68.5%). Mexico alone accounted for an increase of more than 40,700 additional immigrants (up 65.5%). Immigrants from Asia rose by 41.7% (about 21,100 people). Immigrants from Africa rose by 56.3% (about 4,100 persons). The immigrant population from Europe and Canada decreased by more than 1,200 persons (-2.4%).
CONNECT TO LEGAL IMMIGRATION ADMISSION DATA
THE IMMIGRANT STOCK
The Census Bureau estimated that there were about 370,000 people in Indiana in 2000 who were "immigrant stock." That is a term that refers to immigrants and their children born here after their arrival. Based on that estimate, and a population of 6,080,485, the immigrant stock share of the state's population was about 6.1 percent.
As the graph below shows, the amount of Indiana’s population change due to the increase in the foreign stock is rising rapidly. Over the past 34 years the new immigrants and children born to them have added about 260,300 people to the population. Over this period, the increase in the foreign stock has accounted for 25 percent of the state’s population increase.
NATURALIZATION
Data from the 2006 American Community Survey indicate that 92,773 residents, or 35.2 percent, of the foreign-born population in Indiana were citizens, compared to 70,983 residents, or 38.1 percent, in 2000.
Nationally, 40.3 percent of the foreign-born population was citizens in 2000, and 42.0 percent in 2006
LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENCY STUDENTS
Data are not available nationally on immigrant students (either legally or illegally resident in the United States) who are enrolled in primary and secondary schools (K-12). However, many of these students are enrolled in Limited English Proficiency/English Language Learning (LEP/ELL) instruction programs. Many may be U.S.-born, but the majority of these students may be assumed to be either immigrants or the children of immigrants, with the exception being areas with native Americans who speak a native language other than English.
In Indiana, overall enrollment in 2002 (994,545) was six percent below enrollment in 1993. By contrast, LEP enrollment (17,194 - 1.7% of all enrollment) was 243 percent higher than a decade earlier.
Data on enrollment in LEP/ELL programs are collected by the federal government from school systems that receive Title VII funds for these special instruction programs. The data on LEP/ELL enrollment are understated because data from private schools that do not apply for Title VII assistance are sketchy.
Refugee Settlement
Indiana has received 4,659 refugees over the most recent ten fiscal years (FY'97-'06) including 367 persons in FY’06.
Under the Office of Refugee Resettlement's (HHS) assistance funding for FY'02 $434,185 is available for refugee employment training and other services programs in Indiana based on a three-year refugee settlement program covering 1,730 refugees (an average of $251 per refugee). This allocation does not include a larger share (55%) of funding programs for communities heavily affected by recent Cuban and Haitian entrants, communities with refugees whose cultural differences make assimilation especially difficult, communities impacted by federal welfare reform changes, educational support to schools with significant refugee students, and discretionary grants. ORR grants for FY’05 and FY’06 respectively were $1,262,073 and $1,369,852, and discretionary grants.
FOREIGN STUDENTS
The 2006/07 annual report of the Institute of International Education (IIE) lists the number of foreign students attending post-secondary school in Indiana as 14,450. One school in Indiana is listed as having a major concentration of these students:
Purdue had an enrollment of 5,581 foreign students, 14.2% of total enrollment.
University of Indiana at Bloomington had an enrollment of 3,967 foreign students, 10.4% of total enrollment
Indiana University, Purdue Univeristy at Indianapolis had an enrollment of 1, 029 foreign students, 3.4% of total enrollment
Below, a chart illustrates the sharp increase of foreign students attending school in Indiana from 1960-2000.
For information on foreign student issues see: Foreign Students in the United States.
ILLEGAL ALIENS
FAIR Estimate - FAIR estimates the state’s illegal alien population as of 2008 is as many as 110,000 persons. This is part of an overall estimate of the U.S. illegal alien population of about 13 million persons.
INS/DHS Estimate - The INS (now dissolved into the Dept. of Homeland Security) estimated in February 2003 that the resident illegal population in Indiana was 45,000 as of January 2000. This number was over 30,000 higher than the INS' 1996 estimate.
Other Estimates - The Pew Hispanic Center estimates the illegal alien population of the state at 55,000 to 85,000 as of 2005.
COSTS OF ILLEGAL ALIENS
Incarceration Costs - Indiana has received partial compensation under the federal State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP) that was established in 1994 to compensate the states and local jurisdictions for incarceration of "undocumented," aliens who are serving time for a felony conviction or at least two misdemeanors.
The recent SCAAP amounts that Indiana has received were:
| FY’99 | — | $1,051,917 |
| FY’00 | — | $717,901 |
| FY’01 | — | $993,131 |
| FY’02 | — | $925,170 |
| FY’03 | — | $428,234 |
| FY’04 | — | $471,650 |
The amount of SCAAP awards has been declining in both total distributions and even more as a share of the state’s expenses. In FY’99 the state received 38.6% of its costs for 126 prisoner years of detention. By FY’02, the state’s reported illegal alien detention had more than doubled to 294 prisoner years, while compensation decreased by 12 percent and then fell even more steeply.
Medical Costs - Under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act, hospitals with emergency rooms are required to treat and stabilize patients with emergency medical needs regardless whether or not they are in the country legally or whether they are able to pay for the treatment. Congress in 2003 enacted an appropriation of $250 million per year (for 4 years) to help offset some of the costs due to use of this service by illegal aliens. This amount has been allocated among the states based upon estimates of the illegal alien population and data on the apprehension of illegal aliens in each state. This amount compensates only a fraction of the medical outlays. For Indiana, the proposed payment in fiscal year 2004 is $1,073,112.
Educational Costs - In our study Breaking the Piggy Bank: How Illegal Immigration is Sending Schools into the Red, we estimated based on 2004 data that educational expenditures for illegal immigration were costing the Indiana taxpayer $206.2 million dollars annually. This cost was partially for educating students who were themselves illegally in the country ($85.9 million) and in part for the education of their siblings born in the United States to illegal residents ($120.3 million).
Projected Fiscal Costs - In 2006 we estimated that Indiana taxpayers are currently burdened with annual costs of about $259 million because of illegal aliens residing in the state. That estimate was based on only expenditures for education, emergency medical care and incarceration. We projected that those costs will rise unless we gain control over our borders and our worksites. If a new amnesty and increases in immigrants and guest workers were enacted, as proposed by business and ethnic advocacy groups, we project that the cost to the state’s taxpayers for those same programs would rise to $434 million per year in 2010 and to $753 million per year in 2020.
LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS
You can view a listing of local immigration reform groups here.
STATE CONGRESSIONAL DELEGATION VOTING RECORD
You can view the voting record of your representatives in Congress regarding immigration issues in our voting report section.
Indiana : Immigrant Admissions
| Indiana Immigrant Admissions by Fiscal Year | |
| 1997 | 3,982 |
| 1998 | 3,981 |
| 1999 | 3,557 |
| 2000 | 4,128 |
| 2001 | 6,010 |
| 2002 | 6,853 |
| 2003 | 5,241 |
| 2004 | 5,929 |
| 2005 | 6,915 |
| 2006 | 8,125 |
| Total | 54,631 |
Recent immigrant admissions have jumped 155% since admissions just after adoption of the current immigration system in 1965. During the 1965-'69 period, annual admissions averaged about 2,590 immigrants. During the 2002-'06 period, admissions averaged about 6,615 immigrants.
The charts below show recent immigrant admissions and the cumulative INS immigrant admissions data since 1965. The number of annual admissions has ranged from 2,094 in FY'77 to 8,125 in FY'06. The cumulative total of admissions to Indiana between fiscal years 1965 and 2006 was about 147,940 immigrants.
The data for fiscal years 1989-91 were artificially raised slightly by the inclusion of former illegal aliens who were amnestied in 1986. According to INS data (1991) the number of amnesty applicants from Indiana was 3,584 (1,830 pre-1982 residents and 1,754 agricultural workers).
The data for FY'95, FY'97-'99 and FY'03 were artificially low because the government did not issue green cards to all the eligible applicants for adjustment of status who were already in the United States. In those four years, new immigration could have registered as much as 30 percent higher, if the government had kept up with its workload.
Beginning with FY'01, the INS began to increase admissions as a result of reducing the size of the backlog of Section 245(i) adjustment of status cases, i.e., amnesty, for illegal aliens.
INS DATA BY NATIONALITY: FY'96 - FY'05
The table below furnishes INS data on the immigrants who have been admitted for residence in Indiana since 1996 by nationality.
The INS data are for nationals of the countries with the largest number of immigrants admitted or adjusted to legal residence each year since 1996. The absence of data means that the total number of admissions to the United States by nationals of that country was not enough to merit detailed reporting in that year.
The nationalities may change each year, so the totals in some cases will not reflect all the immigrants of that nationality who have become legal immigrants in Louisiana during this period.
The Department of Homeland Security website is has detailed data on immigrant admissions since FY’03 by year and by country. That resource has data for all source countries. (See http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/data/dslpr.shtm).
A dash (-) indicates that the data for that year was not published for that country in the Immigration Statistical Yearbook.* China includes Hong Kong and Taiwan. The Soviet Union includes Russia and former parts of the USSR. Yugoslavia includes Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro-Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia.
The 31 nationalities above represent more than three-quarters (76.8%) of all immigrant settlement and adjustment in Indiana during this ten-year period. Immigrants from Mexico, China and India accounted for more than one-third (35%) of all immigrant admissions since 1996. Mexico alone accounted for more than one-eighth (18.7%) of the total.
Indiana : Immigration Impact
| State Population (2006 CB estimate) | 6,313,520 |
| State Population in 2000 | 6,092,375 |
| Average Annual Change 2000-2006 | 0.6% |
| Foreign Born Population 20061/ | 246,400 |
| Foreign Born Share 2006 | 3.9% |
| Foreign Born Population 2000 | 186,534 |
| Foreign Born Share 2000 | 3.0% |
| Average Annual Change 2000-2006 | 5.0% |
| Population Projection 2010 | 6.4 million |
| Population Projection 2025 | 6.7 million |
| Population Projection 2050 (FAIR) | 7.7 million |
All numbers are from the U.S. Census Bureau unless otherwise noted. Additional Census Bureau, INS, and other immigration-related data are available for Indiana.
Population Change
Indiana’s population increased by 13 percent between 1990 and 2000, and by 3.6 percent between 2000 and 2006, bringing Indiana’s total population to approximately 6.3 million.
Approximately 27 percent of the total population increase between 2000 and 2006 in Indiana was directly attributable to immigrants.
FAIR estimates the illegal alien population in 2005 at 94,000 which ranks 19th in the U.S. in the FAIR estimate. This number is 52% above the U.S. government estimate of 45,000 in 2000, and 755% above the 1990 estimate of 11,000.
According to an estimate of the Pew Hispanic Center, in 2005 there were an estimated 55,000 to 85,000 illegal aliens living in Indiana.2/
FAIR estimates in 2004 that the taxpayers of Indiana spent $206.2 million per year on illegal aliens and their children in public schools.3/
| FAIR’s projected annual fiscal costs to Indiana taxpayers for emergency medical care, education and incarceration resulting if an amnesty is adopted for illegal residents. | ||
| Current | 2010 | 2020 |
| $259,000,000 | $434,000,000 | $743,000,000 |
Population Profile
Indiana increased by 10 percent, or over 536,000 people, between 1990 and 2000.
Indiana’s immigrant population almost doubled during the 1990s, accounting for 17 percent of the state’s overall population increase during the decade.
Environmental and Quality of Life Profile
Water: Between 2000 and 2006, Indiana’s foreign-born population increased by 41.3 percent.4/ That compares with a 2.6 percent increase in the native-born population and that includes the children born to immigrants. When the U.S-born children of immigrants are included, immigration accounts for over half (51.7%) of the state’s overall growth during that time.5/ By 2050 the state’s population is expected to rise from 6.3 million in 2006 to 7.7 million.6/ Indiana has a daily, per-capita water demand of 110.6 gallons.7/This means that by 2050 public water usage will have increased by 154.8 million gallons each day.
Traffic: As population growth put more traffic on the roads, the average commute for Indiana residents increased 11 percent during the 1990s, from 20 minutes to 23 minutes in 2000. 8/, 9/ 32% of Indiana's major roads are in poor or mediocre condition and vehicle travel on Indiana's highways increased 35% from 1990 to 2003. Driving on roads in need of repair costs Indiana motorists $1.2 billion a year in extra vehicle repairs and operating costs, $258 per motorist. 10/
The annual delay per traveler in 2003 in the Chicago-Indiana area was 58 hours, and the annual delay per traveler in the Indianapolis area was 38 hours. In the Cincinnati-Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana area, the annual delay was 30 hours.11/ 11percent of commuters in Indiana have a commute that is at least 45 minutes long. 12/
Traffic congestion is one of the biggest complaints of Indianapolis metro residents. Since 1990, the area’s traffic has grown more than 25 percent, and the number of vehicle registrations in the metro area has nearly tripled.13/
Disappearing Open Space: Each year, Indiana loses 39,100 acres of open space and farmland due to development.14/
A study of urban sprawl between 1970 and 1990 that calculated the impact of population increase and per capita land use found that 307 square miles of additional land were consumed by urban sprawl in the Chicago-IL-NW Indiana metropolitan area, and 5.3 percent of that sprawl was attributable to population increase. In the Indianapolis area sprawl consumed an additional 87.7 square miles and population increase accounted for 52.7 percent of the increase. 15/
Crowded Housing: in 2005 over 35,000 Indiana households are defined as crowded or severely crowded by housing authorities.13/ Studies show that a rise in crowded housing often correlates with an increase in the number of foreign-born.16/,17/
Sprawl: Other state’s sprawl is spilling over into Indiana. As people try to escape from the population congestion in Chicago, Cincinnati, and Louisville, they’re flooding into Indiana, where they can still commute to their jobs in the states they left. From 1997 to 2000, most Indiana counties bordering urban areas in neighboring states saw a 30 percent or more increase in the number of residents commuting to workplaces across state lines.18/
Air pollution: As population increases, pollution usually rises along with it. Indiana released more cancer-causing pollutants into the air and water in 2000 than all but two other states.19/
26 of Indiana’s 92 counties received a grade of “F” from the American Lung Associations state of the air 2005 report. 20/
Poverty: In 2005 18.8 percent of immigrants in Indiana have incomes below the poverty level, and increase of 56.4 percent since 2000. Among non-citizens, the poverty rate climbs to 23.3 percent. /21
Solid Waste: Indiana generates 1.55 tons of solid waste per capita. 22/
Education: Between 2000 and 2006 Indiana’s K-12 student enrollment increased by over 46,000 students (4.7 percent) 23/, 24/. Indiana’s student teacher ratio of 17.1 ranks 43rd in the U.S.
With increasing enrollment, many districts have been forced to build more facilities, expand existing schools, and add portable classrooms.25/ In Hamilton Southeastern, nearly 1,000 new students showed up for classes in 2001.26/ Franklin Township officials say their enrollment is projected to double by 2013.27/
Endnotes:
- FAIR estimate based on the 2006 Current Population Survey.
- "Estimates of the Unauthorized Migrant Population for
- States based on the March 2005 CPS", Pew Hispanic Center.
- U.S. Census Bureau 2006
- Jack Martin. “Issue Brief: Estimation of Foreign Born Birthrate.” FAIR. 2008
- ack Martin and Stanley Fogel. “Projecting the U.S. Population to 2050.” FAIR. March 2006
- “Growing Region Stretching Water Resources,” Munster Times, April 29, 2001.
- U.S. Geological Survey 2000
- “Table DP-1-4, Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000,” Census 2000, U.S. Census Bureau.
- “Table DP-1-4, Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 1990,” 1990 Census, U.S. Census Bureau.
- Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers.
- "The 2005 Urban Mobility Report", Texas Transportation Institute.
- “U.S. Population 2007 Data Sheet,” Population Reference Bureau.
- Diane Fredrick, Dan McFeely, and Lisa Renze-Rhodes, “Northern Expansion Creates Challenges,” Indianapolis Star, April 11, 2002.
- “State Rankings by Acreage and Rate of Non-federal Land Developed,” Natural Resources Conservation Service, United
- Beck, Roy and Leon Kolankiewicz, “Weighing Sprawl Factors in Large U.S. Cities,” NumbersUSA, March 2001.
- Selected Housing Characteristics: 2005 Data Set - 2005 American Community Survey, American Fact Finder, U.S. Census Bureau.
- Haya El Nasser, “U.S. Neighborhoods Grow More Crowded,” USA Today,July 7, 2002.
- Randy Capps, “Hardship Among Children of Immigrants: Findings from the 1999 National Survey of America’s Families,” Urban Institute, 2001.
- “Out of State Workers Making Indiana Home,” Associated Press, July 5, 2002.
- “Group Ranks Indiana Among Top 10 Polluting States,” Associated Press, January 23, 2003.
- “State of the Air 2005: Indiana”, American Lung Association.
- “Indiana State Factsheet,” Migration Information Source, Migration Policy Institute.
- Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers.
- "Overview of Public Elementary and Secondary Schools and Districts: School Year 1999-2000," National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
- "Public Elementary and Secondary School Student Enrollment, High School Completions, and Staff From the Common Core of Data: School Year 2005-06', National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, June 2007
- Alisa Mabry, “Enrollment Up at Schools,” Indianapolis Star, October 13, 2001.24. Fredrick, McFeely, and Renze-Rhodes, op. cit.
- Fredrick, McFeely, and Renze-Rhodes, op. cit.
- Sharon Dunten, “Board Oks Elementary to Help Ease Crowding,” Indianapolis Star, February 20, 2003.