Hawaii
| Summary Demographic State Data (and Source) | |
|---|---|
| Population (2008 Census est.): | 1,288,198 |
| Population (2000 Census): | 1,211,537 |
| Foreign-Born Population (2008 FAIR est.): | 217,610 |
| Foreign-Born Population (2000 Census): | 212,229 |
| Share Foreign-Born (2008 FAIR est.): | 17.6% |
| Share Foreign-Born (2000): | 17.5% |
| Immigrant Stock (2000 CB est.): | 433,000 |
| Share Immigrant Stock (1997 est.): | 35.7% |
| Naturalized U.S. Citizens (2006 CB est.): | 120,587 |
| Share Naturalized (2006): | 57.4% |
| Legal Immigrant Admission (DHS 1997-2006): | 59,730 |
| Refugee Admission (DHS 1997-2006): | 206 |
| Illegal Alien Population (2008 FAIR est.): | 20,000 |
| Costs of Illegal Aliens (2005 FAIR) | $9,00,000 |
| Projected 2050 Population (2006 FAIR) | 1,812,670 |
Hawaii : Extended Immigration Data
STATE POPULATION
Using the Current Population Survey, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that in July 2008 Hawaii’s population had increased to 1,288,198 residents, i.e., an annual average increase of about 9,235 residents since 2000. That is a rate of increase of about 0.7 percent per year.
Hawaii had the 14th highest rate of population increase in the country between 1960-2000.
NET INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION(NIM)
Based on the Current Population Survey, the Census Bureau estimated that between the 2000 Census and July 2008 the state’s population increased by about 31,315 residents from net international migration (more foreign-born arriving than leaving). That was an annual average increase of about 3,775 residents, i.e., more than two-fifths (40.9%) of the total increase (not including the children born to the immigrants after their arrival in the United States).
The 2000 Census found 1,211,537 persons resident in Hawaii. This was an increase of 103,308 persons above the 1990 Census. The rate of increase (9.3%) was slightly lower than the national average of 9.9 percent for the country.
The 2000 population is about 45,000 more persons than the Census Bureau had expected to find in the state in 2000 when it issued its most recent state population projections in 1996. The significance of this is that the Census Bureau has concluded that much of the shortfall in their population estimates during the 1990s was due to an underestimation of the illegal alien population.
The population of Hawaii increased by 14.4 percent between 1980-1990 (from 964,691 to 1,108,229 residents).
FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION
Based on the American Community Survey (ACS), the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the foreign-born population of Hawaii was 216,215 persons in 2006. The ACS is a large-scale, continuous sampling process designed to replace the need for a long-form in the 2010 Census. However, because the ACS does not have the same follow-up procedures as the Census to include non-respondents, it may underestimate the foreign-born population.
FAIR estimates that the foreign-born population of Hawaii was about 217,610 residents in July 2008. This meant a foreign-born population share of 17.6 percent. The amount of change since the 2000 Census indicates an average annual rate of increase in the foreign-born population of about 650 people, which is seven percent of the state’s annual average population increase. Since 2000, the foreign-born population has increased by 2.5 percent compared to a 7.1 percent increase in the native-born population.
Immigration also contributes to population growth through the children born to immigrants in this country. Nationally the share of births to the foreign-born is about double their share of the population. A 35.2 percent share of the state’s current births is large enough to account for about 6,345 births a year. Combining the increase in the foreign-born population and estimated immigrant births suggests that immigration may account for about 6,750 persons added to the state’s population annually, i.e., nearly three-fourths (73.1%) of the state’s overall population increase.
The 2000 Census recorded 212,229 foreign-born residents in the state. That was 17.5 percent of the state's overall population and an increase of 30.4 percent above the 1990 foreign-born population of 162,704 residents. That rate of increase in the immigrant population was much higher than the 5.7 percent increase in the state's native-born population, but it was lower than the national average increase in the foreign-born population of 57.4 percent.
A comparison of the increase in the immigrant population from 1990 with the change in the overall population during the same period shows that immigrant settlement directly accounted for 47.9 percent of the state's overall population increase over that decade. The share of the population increase due to immigration would be still higher if the children of the immigrants born here after their arrival were included with their immigrant parents in the calculation.
The 2000 Census found that 34.1 percent of Hawaii's foreign-born population had arrived in the state since 1990. This demonstrates the effects of the current mass immigration, although it was a lower share than the national average (43.7%).
An indicator of the change in the immigrant population may be seen in data on the share of the population that speaks a language other than English at home. Between 1990 and 2000 the share of non-English speakers at home in Hawaii increased by more than three-quarters, from 14.7 percent to 26.1 percent. Less than half (47.5%) of those who said they spoke a language other than English at home in 2000 also said they spoke English less than very well.
| Speakers of Foreign Languages (at home in Hawaii in the 2000 Census) | |
| Tagalog | 60,965 |
| Japanese | 56,225 |
| Ilocano | 45,900 |
| Chinese | 21,760 |
| Hawaiian | 19,045 |
| Spanish | 18,820 |
| Korean | 18,335 |
| Samoan | 11,530 |
| Vietnamese | 8,270 |
| Cantonese | 4,995 |
| (Source: Census Bureau report: Language Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over, April 2004) | |
The Census Bureau’s American Community Survey found that in 2006, the foreign born population was 210,162 residents, an decrease of 1.0% percent since 2000. In comparison, the foreign-born population changed from 162,704 to 212,229 residents between 1990 and 2000, an increase of 30.4 percent.
The ten countries below constituted nearly three fifths (83.4%) of the foreign-born population in Hawaii in 2006. Philippines accounted for approximately one third alone (47.3%)
| Foreign-Born Change Since 1990: Top Ten Countries 1990-2006 | ||||||||
| Rank | Country | 1990 | Country | 2000 | Country | 2006 | ||
| 1 | Philipines | 73,841 | Philippines | 102,063 | Philippines | 99,341 | ||
| 2 | Japan | 19,102 | Japan | 20,590 | Japan | 19,499 | ||
| 3 | Korea | 13,265 | China | 20,241 | China | 18,063 | ||
| 4 | China | 10,068 | Korea | 17,202 | Korea | 15,641 | ||
| 5 | Vietnam | 5,556 | Vietnam | 8,775 | Vietnam | 7,393 | ||
| 6 | Canada | 3,947 | Polynesia | 5,974 | Canada | 6,746 | ||
| 7 | Hong Kong | 3,554 | Micronesia | 5,846 | Mexico | 2,915 | ||
| 8 | Germany | 2,509 | Canada | 3,743 | Taiwan | 2,777 | ||
| 9 | W.Somoa | 2,516 | Germany | 3,116 | Germany | 2,117 | ||
| 10 | Taiwan | 2,233 | United Kingdom | 2,155 | United Kingdom | 1,395 | ||
| All Other | 26,032 | All Others | 22,524 | All Others | 34,875 | |||
| Total | 162,704 | Total | 212,229 | Total | 210,162 | |||
Between the 2000 Census and the Census Bureau estimate for 2006, the foreign-born population in Hawaii decreased slightly by nearly 2,200 persons (1.0%). Latin America (including Mexico) increased by more than 1,100 immigrants (16.9%). Immigrants from Asia fell by 2.9% (about 5,500 people). Immigrants from Africa rose by 23.1% (240 persons). The immigrant population from Europe and Canada increased by nearly 2,100 persons (14.6%).
CONNECT TO LEGAL IMMIGRATION ADMISSIONS DATA
THE IMMIGRANT STOCK
The Census Bureau estimated that there were about 433,000 people in Hawaii in 2000 who were "immigrant stock." That is a term that refers to immigrants and their children born here after their arrival. Based on that estimate, and the population size of 1,211,537, the immigrant stock share of the state's population was about 35.7 percent -- the 2nd highest share in the country.
As the graph below shows, the amount of Hawaii’s population change due to the increase in the foreign stock is rising rapidly. Over the past 34 years the new immigrants and children born to them have added about 322,100 people to the population. Over this period, the increase in the foreign stock has accounted for 63.6 percent of the state’s population increase.
NATURALIZATION
Data from the 2006 American Community Survey indicate that 120,587 residents, or 57.4 percent, of the foreign-born population in Hawaii were citizens, compared to 127,532 residents, or 60.1 percent, in 2000.
Nationally, 40.3 percent of the foreign-born population was citizens in 2000, and 42.0 percent in 2006
Refugee Settlement
Under the Office of Refugee Resettlement's (HH/ORR) assistance funding for FY'02 $75,000 is available for refugee employment training and other services programs in Hawaii based on a three-year refugee settlement program covering about 100 refugees. This allocation does not include a larger share (55%) of funding programs for communities heavily affected by recent Cuban and Haitian entrants, communities with refugees whose cultural differences make assimilation especially difficult, communities impacted by federal welfare reform changes, educational support to schools with significant refugee students, and discretionary grants. ORR grants for FY’05 and FY’06 respectively were $141,945 and $160,236..
LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENCY STUDENTS
Data are not available nationally on immigrant students (either legally or illegally resident in the United States) who are enrolled in primary and secondary schools (K-12). However, many of these students are enrolled in Limited English Proficiency/English Language Learning (LEP/ELL) instruction programs. Many may be U.S.-born, but the majority of these students may be assumed to be either immigrants or the children of immigrants, with the exception being areas with native Americans who speak a native language other than English.
In Hawaii, overall enrollment in 2002 (184,546) was 12 percent below enrollment in 1993. By contrast, LEP enrollment (13,173 - 7.1% of all enrollment) was 17.1 percent higher than a decade earlier.
Data on enrollment in LEP/ELL programs are collected by the federal government from school systems that receive Title VII funds for these special instruction programs. The data on LEP/ELL enrollment are understated because data from private schools that do not apply for Title VII assistance are sketchy.
IMMIGRANT CHILDREN
In 2000, about three-tenths of all of Hawaii's children are either foreign-born or the child of an immigrant. Five percent are first-generation immigrants (foreign born) and 25 percent are second-generation (a child of an immigrant).
(Source: "Check Points," The Urban Inst. Sept. 2, 2000)
FOREIGN STUDENTS
The 2006/07 annual report of the Institute of International Education (IIE) lists the number of foreign students attending post-secondary school in Hawaii as 6,032. Three schools in Hawaii are listed as having a major concentration of these students:
University of Hawaii had enrollment of 1,984 foreign students, 9.6% of total enrollment.
Hawaii Pacific University had enrollment of 1,247 foreign students, 15.4% of total enrollment.
Brighman Young University had enrollment of 1,201 foreign students, 48.2% of total enrollment.
Below, a chart illustrates the sharp increase of foreign students attending school in Hawaii from 1960-2000.
For information on foreign student issues see: Foreign Students in the United States.
ILLEGAL ALIENS
FAIR Estimate - FAIR estimates the state’s illegal alien population as of 2008 is as many as 20,000 persons. This is part of an overall estimate of the U.S. illegal alien population of about 13 million persons.
INS/DHS Estimate - The INS (now dissolved into the Dept. of Homeland Security) estimated in February 2003 that the resident illegal population in Hawaii was 2,000 as of January 2000. This number was actually 7,000 lower than the INS' 1996 estimate.
Other Estimates - The Pew Hispanic Center estimates the illegal alien population of the state at 2,000 to 3,500 as of 2005.
COST OF ILLEGAL ALIENS
Incarceration Costs- Hawaii has received partial compensation under the federal State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (SCAAP) that was established in 1994 to compensate the states and local jurisdictions for incarceration of "undocumented," aliens who are serving time for a felony conviction or at least two misdemeanors.
The recent SCAAP amounts that Hawaii has received were:
| FY’99 | — | $1,320,602 |
| FY’00 | — | $693,832 |
| FY’01 | — | $454,637 |
| FY’02 | — | $325,683 |
| FY’03 | — | $125,831 |
| FY’04 | — | $171,317 |
The amount of SCAAP awards has been declining in both total distributions and even more as a share of the state’s expenses. In FY’99 the state received 38.6% of its costs. FY'02 SCAAP data indicate that Hawaii's illegal alien inmate population had decreased by 23 percent from the 166 inmate years in FY'99 to 128 inmate years in FY'02, while compensation decreased by 75 percent, and then dropped much further.
Medical Costs- Under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act, hospitals with emergency rooms are required to treat and stabilize patients with emergency medical needs regardless whether or not they are in the country legally or whether they are able to pay for the treatment. Congress in 2003 enacted an appropriation of $250 million per year (for 4 years) to help offset some of the costs due to use of this service by illegal aliens. This amount has been allocated among the states based upon estimates of the illegal alien population and data on the apprehension of illegal aliens in each state. This amount compensates only a fraction of the medical outlays. For Hawaii, the proposed payment in fiscal year 2004 is $47,694.
Educational Costs- In our study Breaking the Piggy Bank: How Illegal Immigration is Sending Schools into the Red, we estimated based on 2004 data that educational expenditures for illegal immigration were costing the Hawaii taxpayer $7.2 million dollars annually. This cost was partially for educating students who were themselves illegally in the country ($3.0 million) and in part for the education of their siblings born in the United States to illegal residents ($4.2 million).
Projected Fiscal Costs- In 2006 we estimated that Hawaii taxpayers are currently burdened with annual costs of about $9 million because of illegal aliens residing in the state. That estimate was based on only expenditures for education, emergency medical care and incarceration. We projected that those costs will rise unless we gain control over our borders and our worksites. If a new amnesty and increases in immigrants and guest workers were enacted, as proposed by business and ethnic advocacy groups, we project that the cost to the state’s taxpayers for those same programs would rise to $15 million per year in 2010 and to $25 million per year in 2020.
STATE CONGRESSIONAL DELEGATION VOTING RECORD
You can view the voting record of your representatives in Congress regarding immigration issues in our voting report section.
LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS
You can view a listing of local immigration reform organizations here.
Hawaii : Immigrant Admissions
| Hawaii Immigrant Admissions by Fiscal Year | |
| 1997 | 8,436 |
| 1998 | 6,867 |
| 1999 | 5,465 |
| 2000 | 4,299 |
| 2001 | 6,056 |
| 2002 | 6,313 |
| 2003 | 5,503 |
| 2004 | 4,899 |
| 2005 | 6,347 |
| 2006 | 6,580 |
| Total | 60,692 |
Recent immigrant admissions have jumped 66% since admissions just after adoption of the current immigration system in 1965. During the 1965-'69 period, annual admissions averaged about 3,700 immigrants. During the 2002-'06 period, admissions averaged about 6,145 immigrants.
The charts below show recent immigrant admissions and the cumulative INS immigrant admissions data since 1965. The number of annual admissions has ranged from 1,721 in FY'65 to 9,053 in FY'78. The cumulative total of admissions to Hawaii between fiscal years 1965 and 2006 was about 293,800 immigrants.
The data for fiscal years 1989-91 were artificially raised slightly by the inclusion of former illegal aliens who were amnestied in 1986. According to INS data (1991) the number of amnesty applicants from Hawaii was 2,330 (1,356 pre-1982 residents and 974 agricultural workers).
The data for FY'95, FY'97-'99 and FY '03 were artificially low because the government did not issue green cards to all the eligible applicants for adjustment of status who were already in the United States. In those four years, new immigration could have registered as much as 30 percent higher, if the government had kept up with its workload.
Beginning with FY'01, the INS began to increase admissions as a result of reducing the size of the backlog of Section 245(i) adjustment of status cases, i.e., amnesty, for illegal aliens.
INS DATA BY NATIONALITY: FY'96 - FY'05
The table below furnishes INS data on the immigrants who have been admitted for residence in Hawaii since 1996 by nationality.
The INS data are for nationals of the countries with the largest number of immigrants admitted or adjusted to legal residence each year since 1996. The absence of data means that the total number of admissions to the United States by nationals of that country was not enough to merit detailed reporting in that year.
The nationalities may change each year, so the totals in some cases will not reflect all the immigrants of that nationality who have become legal immigrants in Louisiana during this period.
The Department of Homeland Security website is has detailed data on immigrant admissions since FY’03 by year and by country. That resource has data for all source countries. (See http://www.dhs.gov/ximgtn/statistics/data/dslpr.shtm).
A dash (-) indicates that the data for that year was not published for that country in the Immigration Statistical Yearbook.* China includes Hong Kong and Taiwan. The Soviet Union, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro-Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia.
The 31 nationalities above represent nearly nine-tenths (89%) of all immigrant settlement and adjustment in Hawaii during this ten-year period. The principal source countries for Hawaii's immigrants (Philippines, China, Korea, Vietnam and Japan) accounted for more than four-fifths (83%) of all immigrant admissions since 1996. Immigrants from the Philippines alone accounted for more than half (57.3%) of the total new "green cards".
Hawaii : Immigration Impact
| State Population (2006 CB estimate) | 1,285,498 |
| State Population in 2000 | 1,212,113 |
| Average Annual Change 2000-2006 | 1.0% |
| Foreign Born Population 20061/ | 234,685 |
| Foreign Born Share 2006 | 18.3% |
| Foreign Born Population 2000 | 212,229 |
| Foreign Born Share 2000 | 17.5% |
| Average Annual Change 2000-2006 | 1.7% |
| Population Projection 2010 | 1.3 million |
| Population Projection 2025 | 1.4 million |
| Population Projection 2050 (FAIR) | 1.8 million |
All numbers are from the U.S. Census Bureau unless otherwise noted. Additional Census Bureau, INS, and other immigration-related data are available for Hawaii.
POPULATION CHANGE
Hawaii’s population increased by 16 percent between 1990 and 2000, and by 6 percent between 2000 and 2006, bringing Hawaii’s total population to approximately 1.3 million.
Approximately 30.6 percent of the total population increase between 2000 and 2006 in Hawaii was directly attributable to immigrants.
FAIR estimates the illegal alien population in 2005 at 3,000. This number is 50% above the U.S. government estimate of 2,000 in 2000, and 50% below the 1990 estimate of 6,000.
According to an estimate of the Pew Hispanic Center, in 2005 there were an estimated 20,000 to 35,000 illegal aliens living in Hawaii.2/
FAIR estimates in 2004 that the taxpayers of Hawaii spent $7.2 million per year on illegal aliens and their children in public schools.3/
| FAIR’s projected annual fiscal costs to Hawaii taxpayers for emergency medical care, education and incarceration resulting if an amnesty is adopted for illegal residents. | ||
| Current | 2010 | 2020 |
| $9,000,000 | $15,000,000 | $25,000,000 |
FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION
Hawaii’s foreign-born population increased by over 10.6 percent between 2000 and 2006. During that period Hawaii gained almost 22,000 immigrants, bringing the total number of foreign-born residents in the state to over 234,000.
POPULATION PROFILE
Hawaii increased by nine percent, or 100,000 people, between 1990 and 2000
Hawaii’s foreign-born population increased 30 percent during the 1990s. Between 1990 and 2000, Hawaii gained 50,000 immigrants
IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT AND QUALITY OF LIFE
Disappearing Open Space: Each year, Hawaii loses 1,400 acres of open space and farmland due to development.4/
A study of urban sprawl between 1970 and 1990 that calculated the impact of population increase and per capita land use found that 23.7 square miles of additional land were consumed by urban sprawl in the Honolulu metropolitan area, and 100 percent of that sprawl was attributable to population increase. 5/
Crowded Housing: In 2005 37,538 Hawaii households were defined as crowded or severely crowded by housing authorities.6/ Studies show that a rise in crowded housing often correlates with an increase in the number of foreign-born.7/, 8/
Poverty: 11.7 percent of immigrants in Hawaii have incomes below the poverty level, a 2 percent decrease since 2000. Among non-citizens, the rate climbs to 4.5 percent. 9/
Traffic: As population growth put more traffic on the roads, the average commute for Hawaii residents increased ten percent during the 1990s, to 26 minutes in 2000, 10/ and to 25.7 in 2005. 11/ 23% of Hawaii's major urban roads are congested and 65 percent of Hawaii's major roads are in poor or mediocre condition. Vehicle travel on Hawaii's highways increased 15% from 1990 to 2003. 12/
Driving on roads in need of repair costs Hawaii motorists $289 million a year in extra vehicle repairs and operating costs — $347 per motorist. Congestion in the Honolulu metropolitan area costs commuters $331 per person in excess fuel and lost time. 13/ 16 percent of commuters had a commute that was at least 45 minutes in 2007. 14/
Solid Waste: Hawaii generates 1.4 tons of solid waste per capita. 15/
Education: It is projected that the enrollment of Hawaii’s K-12 students will increase by over 20,000 (11 percent) students by the year 2015, to a total K-12 enrollment of 203,000. 16/, 17/Hawaii’s student-teacher ratio of 16.3 currently ranks 38th in the U.S. 18/
As a result of the swelling student population, schools throughout the state are struggling with overcrowding. Some schools on Windward Oahu and East and Central Honolulu are stretched beyond their physical abilities, and even new schools are finding themselves filled beyond capacity within a few years. Some schools are trying to cope by switching to year-round, multi-track scheduling.19/
The state Department of Education forecasts a classroom shortage crisis in the next few years, which will result in even more overcrowding. “New schools, additional classroom building, and additional classrooms to alleviate overcrowding will not be built in sufficient quantities or in a timely manner,” says one school official.20/
In some areas, like Kane’ohe, classes are being held in converted closets, stage dressing rooms, teacher’s lounges, and a patio. In some cases, two classes are forced to share the same room at the same time.21/
Under a 1985 compact between the United States and newly independent Micronesia and the Marshall Islands, citizens of those territories may freely migrate to the U.S. To protect Hawaii from a major resettlement burden, the agreement specified that annual reports would be sent to Congress on the impact on Hawaii and the Pacific territories as a result of the compact to allow remedial actions. The Interior Dept. failed to issue those reports from 1989 to 1996, and the Hawaiian government sued the federal government to recoup outlays for the migrants.22/ The suit was dismissed by a federal appeals court as a political matter for Congress to resolve. However, the lawsuit caught the federal government's attention and has led to a new catch-up report and some federal assistance. Then-governor Ben Cayetano cited Census data showing that 4,815 immigrants from the two countries have migrated to Hawaii since 1985 and that nearly 40 percent of them were living below the poverty level, affecting welfare, health care, and crime. 23/
ENDNOTES:
- FAIR estimate based on the 2006 Current Population Survey.
- "Estimates of the Unauthorized Migrant Population for States based on the March 2005 CPS", Pew Hispanic Center.
- Martin, Jack. “Breaking the Piggy Bank: How Illegal Immigration is Sending Schools into the Red,” A Report by the Federation for American Immigration Reform.
- “State Rankings by Acreage and Rate of Non-Federal Land Developed,” Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
- Beck, Roy and Leon Kolankiewicz, “Weighing Sprawl Factors in Large U.S. Cities,” NumbersUSA, March 2001
- Selected Housing Characteristics: 2005 Data Set - 2005 American Community Survey, American Fact Finder, U.S. Census Bureau.
- Haya El Nasser, “U.S. Neighborhoods Grow More Crowded,” USA Today, July 7, 2002.
- Randy Capps, “Hardship Among Children of Immigrants: Findings from the 1999 National Survey of America’s Families,” Urban Institute, 2001.
- “Hawaii State Factsheet,” Migration Information Source, Migration Policy Institute.
- “Table DP-1-4, Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000,” Census 2000, U.S. Census Bureau.
- Selected Social Characteristics: 2005 Data Set - 2005 American Community Survey, American Fact Finder, U.S. Census Bureau.
- Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers.
- Ibid
- “U.S. Population 2007 Data Sheet,” Population Reference Bureau.
- Report Card for America's Infrastructure 2005," American Society of Civil Engineers.
- "Public Elementary and Secondary School Student Enrollment, High School Completions, and Staff From the Common Core of Data: School Year 2005-06', National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, June 2007.
- Projections of Education Statistics to 2015, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
- "Public Elementary and Secondary School Student Enrollment, High School Completions, and Staff From the Common Core of Data: School Year 2005-06', National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, June 2007.
- Jennifer Hiller, “Schools Facing Space Crunch,” Honolulu Advertiser, January 6, 2002.
- Crystal Kua, “Crisis in Crowded Classrooms,” Honolulu Star-Bulletin, January 18, 2002.
- Eloise Aguiar, “Space Crunch Hampers Schools,” Honolulu Advertiser, November 25, 2001.
- Guerrero v. Clinton, 97-16395.
- Associated Press, “Court Rejects Suit by Hawaii, Territories Over Immigration Impact,” October 13, 1998.